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Sex Differences in Mitochondrial Antioxidant Gene Expression

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Sex Differences in Heart Disease

Part of the book series: Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease ((ABHD,volume 21))

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Abstract

Females live longer than males. This could be in part due to the higher levels of estrogens in females, which protect them against aging. Physiological concentrations of estrogens have antioxidant effects as they induce the expression of manganese superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase by stimulating estrogen receptors and the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa B pathways. However, estrogens can have undesirable effects such as they are feminizing to males, so other alternatives need to be searched. Phytoestrogens are good candidates as they can also bind to estrogens receptors, and in fact, they are able to mimic the antioxidant properties of estrogens. It is very important to consider that the expression of estrogen receptors is not the same between sexes, organs or that their proportion changes with age. Depending on the organ studied, there are differences in the estrogen receptors involved in the beneficial effects of estrogens.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the following grants: PCIN-2017-117 of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, PI 16/00229 and PI 19/1714 of the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Health Institute Carlos III—FEDER-ERDF, the EU Joint Programming Initiative ‘A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life’ (JPI HDHL INTIMIC-085) to C.B. A.B.P. is recipient of a predoctoral grant financed by Health Institute Carlos III (FI18/00323). Dr. C. M.-B. is recipient of a postdoctoral grant financed by Generalitat Valenciana (APOSTD/2018/230) and FSE (European Social Fund).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERFES. INCLIVA. Avenida Blasco Ibañez, 15, Valencia, Spain

    Consuelo Borrás & Cristina Mas-Bargues

  2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av Blasco Ibañez, 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain

    Ana B. Paes & Susana Novella

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  1. Consuelo Borrás
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  2. Cristina Mas-Bargues
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  3. Ana B. Paes
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  4. Susana Novella
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Correspondence to Consuelo Borrás .

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  1. Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

    Bohuslav Ostadal

  2. St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Naranjan S. Dhalla

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Borrás, C., Mas-Bargues, C., Paes, A.B., Novella, S. (2020). Sex Differences in Mitochondrial Antioxidant Gene Expression. In: Ostadal, B., Dhalla, N.S. (eds) Sex Differences in Heart Disease. Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58677-5_16

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