Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

GTAW Application for Additive Manufacturing and Cladding of Steel Alloys

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Smart Materials, Technologies, and Devices

  • 80 Accesses

Abstract

Steel alloys are widely used in many industry sectors namely construction, automobile, and aerospace. With additive manufacturing (AM), complex and rare parts of steel alloys can be manufactured efficiently in days in an economical way. On the other hand, conventional manufacturing methods include time-consuming and cost-incurring die and mold preparation and postmachining of the parts. The other benefits associated with AM are low cost governed by low-energy input, low-material wastage, and automation with high strength. The gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process produces sound weld with high integrity with the parent metal. Therefore, GTAW has found the place as a method for AM. Additionally, the components in these industries are many times subjected to high wear, corrosion, and abrasion. Their durability at the work is increased by using the cladding process. GTAW is widely used in the cladding process for hard facing and corrosion resistance. With its increased deposition rate using advanced hotwire multi-cathode GTAW processes, high applicability to different metals, defect-free weld, and high strength of weld, among other welding processes like shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), plasma metal arc welding (PMAW), laser welding, and electron beam welding (EBW), GTAW is a promising process for AM and cladding process. The deposition rate can be further improved by optimization of weld parameters like type of current supply (DC supply, DC pulsed supply, and AC supply), mean voltage, wire feed rate, frequency, and hotwire current. In this chapter, the study of different advanced hotwire GTAW processes and optimization of weld parameters is explained.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abe T, Sasahara H (2016) Dissimilar metal deposition with a stainless steel and nickel-based alloy using wire and arc-based additive manufacturing. Precis Eng 45:387–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balasubramanian V, Lakshminarayanan AK, Varahamoorthy R, Babu S (2009) Application of response surface Methodology to prediction of dilution in plasma transferred arc hardfacing of stainless steel on carbon steel. J Iron Steel Res Int 16:44–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonaccorso F, Cantelli L, Muscato G (2011) Arc welding control for shaped metal deposition process. IFAC Proc 44:11636–11641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen TM, Lee HM (2016) Surface analysis of AISI 410 stainless steel cladding with AlN, Si, Co, and W powders. Sens Mater 28:1005–1011

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen JH, Chen PN, Hua PH et al (2009) Deposition of multicomponent alloys on low-carbon steel using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) cladding process. Mater Trans 50:689–694

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Li J, Cheng X et al (2017) Microstructure and mechanical properties of the austenitic stainless steel 316L fabricated by gas metal arc additive manufacturing. Mater Sci Eng A 703:567–577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Li J, Cheng X et al (2018) Effect of heat treatment on microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of austenitic stainless steel 316L using arc additive manufacturing. Mater Sci Eng A 715:307–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dadbakhsh S, Hao L, Sewell N (2012) Effect of selective laser melting layout on the quality of stainless steel parts. Rapid Prototyp J 18:241–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DebRoy T, Mukherjee T, Wei HL et al (2021) Metallurgy, mechanistic models and machine learning in metal printing. Nat Rev Mater 6:48–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eager TW (1995) Welding and joining: moving from art to science. Weld J 74:49–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Egerland S, Zimmer J, Brunmaier R et al (2015) Advanced gas tungsten arc weld surfacing current status and application. Soldag Inspeção 20:300–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ge J, Ma T, Han W et al (2019) Thermal-induced microstructural evolution and defect distribution of wire-arc additive manufacturing 2Cr13 part: numerical simulation and experimental characterization. Appl Therm Eng 163:114335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geng H, Li J, Xiong J et al (2017) Optimization of wire feed for GTAW based additive manufacturing. J Mater Process Technol 243:40–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gokhale NP, Kala P, Sharma V (2019) Thin-walled metal deposition with GTAW welding-based additive manufacturing process. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 41:569–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin W, Zhang C, Jin S et al (2020) Wire arc additive manufacturing of stainless steels: a review. Appl Sci 10:1563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knerek R, Lemos GVB, Vander VG et al (2021) Investigating an API X65 steel pipe cladded with alloy 625. Tecnol em Metal Mater e Mineração 18:e2465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lakshminarayanan AK, Balasubramanian V, Varahamoorthy R, Babu S (2008) Predicting the dilution of plasma transferred arc hardfacing of Stellite on carbon steel using response surface methodology. Met Mater Int 14:779–789

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Xiong J, Yin Z (2019) Molten pool stability of thin-wall parts in robotic GMA-based additive manufacturing with various position depositions. Robot Comput Integr Manuf 56:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lv SX, Xu ZW, Wang HT, Yang SQ (2008) Investigation on TIG cladding of copper alloy on steel plate. Sci Technol Weld Join 13:10–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra D (2020) Effect of GTAW remelting on the corrosion performance of AISI 316L cladding. https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202011666

  • Moradi MJ, Ketabchi M (2015) An experimental study of microstructure and mechanical behavior of alloy 625 weld overlay deposited on ASTM A516 grade 70. Indian J Sci Technol 8:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee T, DebRoy T (2019) Printability of 316 stainless steel. Sci Technol Weld Join 24:412–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rafieazad M, Ghaffari M, Vahedi Nemani A, Nasiri A (2019) Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a low-carbon low-alloy steel produced by wire arc additive manufacturing. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 105:2121–2134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez N, Vázquez L, Huarte I et al (2018) Wire and arc additive manufacturing: a comparison between CMT and TopTIG processes applied to stainless steel. Weld World 62:1083–1096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saha MK, Das S (2016) A review on different cladding techniques employed to resist corrosion. J Assoc Eng India 86:51

    Google Scholar 

  • Saha MK, Das S (2018) Gas metal arc weld cladding and its anti-corrosive performance – a brief review. Athens J Τechnol Eng 5:155–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saka MP, Hasançebi O, Geem ZW (2016) Metaheuristics in structural optimization and discussions on harmony search algorithm. Swarm Evol Comput 28:88–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santhakumari A (2018) Advances in gas tungsten arc welding technology. Weld Des Fabr:14–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Selvaraj SK, Srinivasan K, Deshmukh J et al (2020) Performance comparison of advanced ceramic cladding approaches via solid-state and traditional welding processes: a review. Materials (Basel) 13:1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shah P, Agrawal C (2019) A review on twin tungsten inert gas welding process accompanied by hot wire pulsed power source. J Weld Join 37:41–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen C, Pan Z, Ma Y et al (2015) Fabrication of iron-rich Fe-Al intermetallics using the wire-arc additive manufacturing process. Addit Manuf 7:20–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Silwal B, Walker J, West D (2019) Hot-wire GTAW cladding: Inconel 625 on 347 stainless steel. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 102:3839–3848

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siva K, Murugan N, Logesh R (2009) Optimization of weld bead geometry in plasma transferred arc hardfaced austenitic stainless steel plates using genetic algorithm. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 41:24–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava M, Rathee S, Maheshwari S, Kundra TK (2018) Multi-objective optimisation of fused deposition modelling process parameters using RSM and fuzzy logic for build time and support material. Int J Rapid Manuf 7:25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tisza M, Czinege I (2018) Comparative study of the application of steels and aluminium in lightweight production of automotive parts. Int J Light Mater Manuf 1:229–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Tutum CC, Hattel J (2011) State-of-the-art multi-objective optimisation of manufacturing processes based on thermo-mechanical simulations. In: Wang L, Ng AHC, Deb K (eds) Multi-objective evolutionary optimisation for product design and manufacturing. Springer, London, pp 71–133

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Tadic D, Jiang J, McKinnell J (2016) Weld cladding for mining and mineral processing: a Canadian perspective. In: CWA, pp 52–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Xue J, Wang Q (2019) Correlation between arc mode, microstructure, and mechanical properties during wire arc additive manufacturing of 316L stainless steel. Mater Sci Eng A 751:183–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xia C, Pan Z, Polden J et al (2020) A review on wire arc additive manufacturing: monitoring, control and a framework of automated system. J Manuf Syst 57:31–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiong J, Yin Z, Zhang W (2016) Closed-loop control of variable layer width for thin-walled parts in wire and arc additive manufacturing. J Mater Process Technol 233:100–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youheng F, Guilan W, Haiou Z, Liye L (2017) Optimization of surface appearance for wire and arc additive manufacturing of Bainite steel. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 91:301–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

    V. J. Badheka & G. Bhati

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Ahmednagar, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India

    V. S. Gadakh

  3. Department of Production Engineering, Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Ahmednagar, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India

    V. B. Shinde

Authors
  1. V. J. Badheka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. S. Gadakh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. V. B. Shinde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. G. Bhati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to V. J. Badheka .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ, USA

    Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

  2. University of Padova, Padova, Italy

    Paolo Di Sia

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Badheka, V.J., Gadakh, V.S., Shinde, V.B., Bhati, G. (2022). GTAW Application for Additive Manufacturing and Cladding of Steel Alloys. In: Hussain, C.M., Di Sia, P. (eds) Handbook of Smart Materials, Technologies, and Devices. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58675-1_109-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58675-1_109-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-58675-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-58675-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation