Anxiety Disorders

Abstract

Anxiety disorders are characterized by an excessive fear response; these disorders are extremely prevalent among the general population and have a 2:1 female predilection [1]. Functional impairment is common with these disorders and, along with depression, are among the leading causes of disability and work related absences. As such, it is postulated that the economic burden of anxiety disorders is greater than any other psychiatric disorder due to the high prevalence and cost of medical and psychiatric treatment [2]. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), defines fear as “the emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat” and anxiety as “anticipation of future threat.” Fear typically induces surges of autonomic arousal and thoughts of immediate danger and escape, whereas anxiety typically manifests as muscular tension and avoidant behaviors. If the anxiety creates maladaptive behaviors, physical manifestations, or mental symptoms then it becomes problematic. The anxiety disorders listed in the DSM-5 tend to be highly comorbid with other psychiatric conditions [1]. Anxiety disorders discussed in this chapter are the following: separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and general anxiety disorder. Other anxiety disorders that do not fall under the previously mentioned disorders will briefly be discussed. In addition, obsessive-compulsive, trauma- and stress-induced related disorders will be discussed due to their relevance to anxiety. Anxiety disorders covered in this chapter are presented in Table 1 with associated ages of onset.