Abstract
This chapter demonstrates multi-phase droplets as compound micro-lenses with dynamically tunable focal lengths. The dynamic nature of these hydrocarbon-fluorocarbon droplets results in responsive micro-lenses that can be reconfigured to focus or scatter light, form real or virtual images, and display variable focal lengths. Experimental demonstrations of dynamic refractive control are complemented by theoretical analysis and optical modeling, including ray tracing and finite difference time domain simulations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
K.-H. Brenner, J. Jahns, Microoptics: From Technology to Applications (Springer, Berlin, 2013)
H. Zappe, Fundamentals of Micro-Optics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010)
R. Martinez-Cuenca, G. Saavedra, M. Martinez-Corral, B. Javidi, Extended depth-of-field 3-D display and visualization by combination of amplitude-modulated microlenses and deconvolution tools. J. Disp. Technol. 1(2), 321–327 (2005)
X. Xiao, B. Javidi, M. Martinez-Corral, A. Stern, Advances in three-dimensional integral imaging: sensing, display, and applications [Invited]. Appl. Opt. 52(4), 546–560 (2013)
L. Erdmann, K.J. Gabriel, High-resolution digital integral photography by use of a scanning microlens array. Appl. Opt. 40(31), 5592–5599 (2001)
R. Ng, M. Levoy, M. Bredif, G. Duval, M. Horowitz, P. Hanrahan, Light field photography with a hand-held plenoptic camera. Technical Report CTSR 2005-02, Stanford, 2005
N.A. Davies, M. McCormick, M. Brewin, Design and analysis of an image transfer system using microlens arrays. Opt. Eng. 33(11), 3624–3633 (1994)
A. Braslau, M. Deutsch, P.S. Pershan, A.H. Weiss, J. Als-Nielsen, J. Bohr, Surface roughness of water measured by X-ray reflectivity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 54(2), 114–117 (1985)
L.D. Zarzar, V. Sresht, E.M. Sletten, J.A. Kalow, D. Blankschtein, T.M. Swager, Dynamically reconfigurable complex emulsions via tunable interfacial tensions. Nature 518(7540), 520–524 (2015)
S. Nagelberg, L.D. Zarzar, N. Nicolas, K. Subramanian, J.A. Kalow, V. Sresht, D. Blankschtein, G. Barbastathis, M. Kreysing, T.M. Swager, M. Kolle, Reconfigurable and responsive droplet-based compound micro-lenses. Nat. Commun. 8, ncomms14673 (2017)
A.F. Oskooi, D. Roundy, M. Ibanescu, P. Bermel, J.D. Joannopoulos, S.G. Johnson, Meep: a flexible free-software package for electromagnetic simulations by the FDTD method. Comput. Phys. Commun. 181(3), 687–702 (2010)
X. Zeng, C.T. Smith, J.C. Gould, C.P. Heise, H. Jiang, Fiber endoscopes utilizing liquid tunable-focus microlenses actuated through infrared light. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 20(3), 583–593 (2011)
J.H. Karp, E.J. Tremblay, J.E. Ford, Planar micro-optic solar concentrator. Opt. Express 18(2), 1122–1133 (2010)
L.J. Hornbeck, Digital light processing for high-brightness high-resolution applications (1997). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.273880
I. Solovei, M. Kreysing, C. Lanctôt, S. Kösem, L. Peichl, T. Cremer, J. Guck, B. Joffe, Nuclear architecture of rod photoreceptor cells adapts to vision in mammalian evolution. Cell 137(2), 356–368 (2009)
M. Kreysing, L. Boyde, J. Guck, K.J. Chalut, Physical insight into light scattering by photoreceptor cell nuclei. Opt. Lett. 35(15), 2639–2641 (2010)
K. Subramanian, M. Weigert, O. Borsch, H. Petzold, A. GarcÃa-Ulloa, E.W. Myers, M. Ader, I. Solovei, M. Kreysing, Rod nuclear architecture determines contrast transmission of the retina and behavioral sensitivity in mice. bioRxiv (2019), p. 752444
A. Werber, H. Zappe, Tunable microfluidic microlenses. Appl. Opt. 44(16), 3238–3245 (2005)
C.U. Murade, D. van der Ende, F. Mugele, High speed adaptive liquid microlens array. Opt. Express 20(16), 18180–18187 (2012)
X. Zeng, H. Jiang, Liquid Tunable microlenses based on MEMS techniques. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 46(32), 323001 (2013)
J. Shi, Z. Stratton, S.-C.S. Lin, H. Huang, T.J. Huang, Tunable optofluidic microlens through active pressure control of an air–liquid interface. Microfluid. Nanofluidics 9(2–3), 313–318 (2009)
A.R. Hawkins, H. Schmidt, Handbook of Optofluidics (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2010)
H. Ren, S. Xu, S.-T. Wu, Effects of gravity on the shape of liquid droplets. Opt. Commun. 283(17), 3255–3258 (2010)
D.G.A.L. Aarts, M. Schmidt, H.N.W. Lekkerkerker, Direct visual observation of thermal capillary waves. Science 304(5672), 847–850 (2004)
L. Dong, H. Jiang, Tunable and movable liquid microlens in situ fabricated within microfluidic channels. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(4), 041109 (2007)
X. Zeng, C. Li, D. Zhu, H.J. Cho, H. Jiang, Tunable microlens arrays actuated by various thermo-responsive hydrogel structures. J. Micromech. Microeng. 20(11), 115035 (2010)
K. Mishra, C. Murade, B. Carreel, I. Roghair, J.M. Oh, G. Manukyan, D. van den Ende, F. Mugele, Optofluidic lens with tunable focal length and asphericity. Scientific Rep. 4, 6378 (2014)
B. Berge, J. Peseux, Variable focal lens controlled by an external voltage: an application of electrowetting. Eur. Phys. J. E 3(2), 159–163 (2000)
T. Krupenkin, S. Yang, P. Mach, Tunable liquid microlens. Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(3), 316–318 (2003)
S. Kuiper, B.H.W. Hendriks, Variable-focus liquid lens for miniature cameras. Appl. Phys. Lett. 85(7), 1128–1130 (2004)
F. Krogmann, W. Mönch, H. Zappe, A MEMS-based variable micro-lens system. J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt. 8(7), S330 (2006)
S. Grilli, L. Miccio, V. Vespini, A. Finizio, S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, Liquid micro-lens array activated by selective electrowetting on lithium niobate substrates. Opt. Express 16(11), 8084–8093 (2008)
L. Miccio, A. Finizio, S. Grilli, V. Vespini, M. Paturzo, S. De Nicola, P. Ferraro, Tunable liquid microlens arrays in electrode-less configuration and their accurate characterization by interference microscopy. Opt. Express 17(4), 2487–2499 (2009)
C. Li, H. Jiang, Electrowetting-driven variable-focus microlens on flexible surfaces. Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(23), 231105 (2012)
H. Ren, S.-T. Wu, Tunable-focus liquid microlens array using dielectrophoretic effect. Opt. Express 16(4), 2646–265 (2008)
L. Dong, A.K. Agarwal, D.J. Beebe, H. Jiang, Adaptive liquid microlenses activated by stimuli-responsive hydrogels. Nature 442(7102), 551 (2006)
K.-H. Jeong, G.L. Liu, N. Chronis, L.P. Lee, Tunable microdoublet lens array. Opt. Express 12(11), 2494–2500 (2004)
J. Chen, W. Wang, J. Fang, K. Varahramyan, Variable-focusing microlens with microfluidic chip. J. Micromech. Microeng. 14(5), 675–680 (2004)
N. Chronis, G. Liu, K.-H. Jeong, L. Lee, Tunable liquid-filled microlens array integrated with microfluidic network. Opt. Express 11(19), 2370–2378 (2003)
W. Zhang, H. Zappe, A. Seifert, Wafer-scale fabricated thermo-pneumatically tunable microlenses. Light Sci. Appl. 3(2), e145 (2014)
S.K.Y. Tang, C.A. Stan, G.M. Whitesides, Dynamically reconfigurable liquid-core liquid-cladding lens in a microfluidic channel. Lab Chip 8(3), 395–401 (2008)
J. Kim, N. Singh, L.A. Lyon, Label-free biosensing with hydrogel microlenses. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45(9), 1446–1449 (2006)
B. Kuswandi, J. Huskens, W. Verboom et al., Optical sensing systems for microfluidic devices: a review. Anal. Chim. Acta 601(2), 141–155 (2007)
C. McDonald, D. McGloin, Low-cost optical manipulation using hanging droplets of PDMS. RSC Adv. 5(68), 55561–55565 (2015)
Z. Li, D. Psaltis, Optofluidic dye lasers. Microfluid. Nanofluidics 4(1–2), 145–158 (2007)
M. Born, E. Wolf, A.B. Bhatia, P.C. Clemmow, D. Gabor, A.R. Stokes, A.M. Taylor, P.A. Wayman, W.L. Wilcock, Principles of Optics, 7th edn. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999)
E. Chevallier, A. Mamane, H.A. Stone, C. Tribet, F. Lequeux, C. Monteux, Pumping-out photo-surfactants from an air–water interface using light. Soft Matter 7(17), 7866–7874 (2011)
Y. Wang, G. Singh, D.M. Agra-Kooijman, M. Gao, H.K. Bisoyi, C. Xue, M.R. Fisch, S. Kumar, Q. Li, Room temperature heliconical twist-bend nematic liquid crystal. Cryst. Eng. Comm. 17(14), 2778–2782 (2015)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nagelberg, S. (2020). Multi-Phase Droplets as Dynamic Compound Micro-Lenses. In: Dynamic and Stimuli-Responsive Multi-Phase Emulsion Droplets for Optical Components. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53460-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53460-8_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-53459-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-53460-8
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)