Skip to main content

An Update on Mendelian Forms of Obesity and their Personalized Treatments

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Obesity and Diabetes
  • 2283 Accesses

Abstract

Obesity has a strong inherited component (40–75% of the risk is driven by genetic factors), including monogenic syndromic or not, oligogenic, and polygenic modalities. Monogenic nonsyndromic/oligogenic genes in the leptin-melanocortin pathway are analyzed, as well as their role in energy balance. Early genetic testing along with traditional and ongoing attempts to clinically handle several relevant categories is similarly addressed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allison DB, Gadde KM, Garvey WT et al (2012) Controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in severely obese adults: a randomized controlled trial (EQUIP). Obesity (Silver Spring) 20:330–342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alto LT, Terman JR (2017) Semaphorins and their signaling mechanisms. Methods Mol Biol 1493:1–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Apovian CM (2016) Obesity: definition, comorbidities, causes, and burden. Am J Manag Care 22:s176–s185

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armagan C, Yilmaz C, Koc A et al (2019) A toddler with a novel LEPR mutation. Hormones (Athens) 18:237–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arterburn DE, Courcoulas AP (2014) Bariatric surgery for obesity and metabolic conditions in adults. BMJ 349:g3961

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asai M, Ramachandrappa S, Joachim M et al (2013) Loss of function of the melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 is associated with mammalian obesity. Science 341:275–278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Aslan IR, Ranadive SA, Ersoy BA, Rogers SJ, Lustig RH, Vaisse C (2011a) Bariatric surgery in a patient with complete MC4R deficiency. Int J Obes 35:457–461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aslan IR, Campos GM, Calton MA, Evans DS, Merriman RB, Vaisse C (2011b) Weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in obese patients heterozygous for MC4R mutations. Obes Surg 21:930–934

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Astrup A, Rossner S, Van Gaal L et al (2009) Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet 374:1606–1616

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Auffray C, Charron D, Hood L (2010) Predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory medicine: back to the future. Genome Med 2:57

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baillot A, Romain AJ, Boisvert-Vigneault K et al (2015) Effects of lifestyle interventions that include a physical activity component in class II and III obese individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 10:e0119017

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bansal AB, Al Khalili Y (2019) Orlistat. StatPearls, Treasure Island, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron M, Maillet J, Huyvaert M et al (2019) Loss-of-function mutations in MRAP2 are pathogenic in hyperphagic obesity with hyperglycemia and hypertension. Nat Med 25:1733–1738

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bjerregaard P, Jorgensen ME (2013) Prevalence of obesity among Inuit in Greenland and temporal trend by social position. Am J Hum Biol 25:335–340

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blakemore AI, Froguel P (2010) Investigation of Mendelian forms of obesity holds out the prospect of personalized medicine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1214:180–189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnefond A, Keller R, Meyre D et al (2016) Eating behavior, low-frequency functional mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) gene, and outcomes of bariatric operations: a 6-year prospective study. Diabetes Care 39:1384–1392

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bray MS, Loos RJ, McCaffery JM et al (2016) NIH working group report-using genomic information to guide weight management: From universal to precision treatment. Obesity (Silver Spring) 24:14–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brommage R, Desai U, Revelli JP et al (2008) High-throughput screening of mouse knockout lines identifies true lean and obese phenotypes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 16:2362–2367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce MA, Sims M, Miller S, Elliott V, Ladipo M (2007) One size fits all? Race, gender and body mass index among U.S. adults. J Natl Med Assoc 99:1152–1158

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess E, Hassmen P, Welvaert M, Pumpa KL (2017) Behavioural treatment strategies improve adherence to lifestyle intervention programmes in adults with obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Obes 7:105–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butler AA, Kesterson RA, Khong K et al (2000) A unique metabolic syndrome causes obesity in the melanocortin-3 receptor-deficient mouse. Endocrinology 141:3518–3521

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Censani M, Conroy R, Deng L et al (2014) Weight loss after bariatric surgery in morbidly obese adolescents with MC4R mutations. Obesity (Silver Spring) 22:225–231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Challis BG, Pritchard LE, Creemers JW et al (2002) A missense mutation disrupting a dibasic prohormone processing site in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) increases susceptibility to early-onset obesity through a novel molecular mechanism. Hum Mol Genet 11:1997–2004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan LF, Webb TR, Chung TT et al (2009) MRAP and MRAP2 are bidirectional regulators of the melanocortin receptor family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:6146–6151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen AS, Marsh DJ, Trumbauer ME et al (2000) Inactivation of the mouse melanocortin-3 receptor results in increased fat mass and reduced lean body mass. Nat Genet 26:97–102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choquet H, Meyre D (2010) Genomic insights into early-onset obesity. Geno Med 2:36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cirillo G, Marini R, Ito S et al (2012) Lack of red hair phenotype in a North-African obese child homozygous for a novel POMC null mutation: nonsense-mediated decay RNA evaluation and hair pigment chemical analysis. Br J Dermatol 167:1393–1395

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clement K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N et al (1998) A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature 392:398–401

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clement K, Dubern B, Mencarelli M et al (2008) Unexpected endocrine features and normal pigmentation in a young adult patient carrying a novel homozygous mutation in the POMC gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:4955–4962

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Clement K, Biebermann H, Farooqi IS et al (2018) MC4R agonism promotes durable weight loss in patients with leptin receptor deficiency. Nat Med 24:551–555

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collet TH, Dubern B, Mokrosinski J et al (2017) Evaluation of a melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist (Setmelanotide) in MC4R deficiency. Molecul Metabol 6:1321–1329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costanzo-Garvey DL, Pfluger PT, Dougherty MK et al (2009) KSR2 is an essential regulator of AMP kinase, energy expenditure, and insulin sensitivity. Cell Metab 10:366–378

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Creemers JW, Choquet H, Stijnen P et al (2012) Heterozygous mutations causing partial prohormone convertase 1 deficiency contribute to human obesity. Diabetes 61:383–390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Demidowich AP, Jun JY, Yanovski JA (1863) Polymorphisms and mutations in the melanocortin-3 receptor and their relation to human obesity. Biochim Et Biophys Acta Molecul Basis Dis 2017:2468–2476

    Google Scholar 

  • Dombrowski SU, Knittle K, Avenell A, Araujo-Soares V, Sniehotta FF (2014) Long term maintenance of weight loss with non-surgical interventions in obese adults: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 348:g2646

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Drabkin M, Birk OS, Birk R (2018) Heterozygous versus homozygous phenotype caused by the same MC4R mutation: novel mutation affecting a large consanguineous kindred. BMC Med Genet 19:135

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubern B, Lubrano-Berthelier C, Mencarelli M et al (2008) Mutational analysis of the pro-opiomelanocortin gene in French obese children led to the identification of a novel deleterious heterozygous mutation located in the alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone domain. Pediatr Res 63:211–216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ehtesham S, Qasim A, Meyre D (2019) Loss-of-function mutations in the melanocortin-3 receptor gene confer risk for human obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev Off J Internat Assoc Study Obes 20:1085–1092

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elkhenini HF, New JP, Syed AA (2014) Five-year outcome of bariatric surgery in a patient with melanocortin-4 receptor mutation. Clin Obes 4:121–124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S (2008) Mutations in ligands and receptors of the leptin-melanocortin pathway that lead to obesity. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 4:569–577

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farooqi IS, Keogh JM, Kamath S et al (2001) Partial leptin deficiency and human adiposity. Nature 414:34–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farooqi IS, Matarese G, Lord GM et al (2002) Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency. J Clin Invest 110:1093–1103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Farooqi IS, Drop S, Clements A et al (2006) Heterozygosity for a POMC-null mutation and increased obesity risk in humans. Diabetes 55:2549–2553

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farooqi IS, Wangensteen T, Collins S et al (2007a) Clinical and molecular genetic spectrum of congenital deficiency of the leptin receptor. N Engl J Med 356:237–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Farooqi IS, Volders K, Stanhope R et al (2007b) Hyperphagia and early-onset obesity due to a novel homozygous missense mutation in prohormone convertase 1/3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:3369–3373

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fidler MC, Sanchez M, Raether B et al (2011) A one-year randomized trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in obese and overweight adults: the BLOSSOM trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:3067–3077

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank GR, Fox J, Candela N et al (2013) Severe obesity and diabetes insipidus in a patient with PCSK1 deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 110:191–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Frodyma D, Neilsen B, Costanzo-Garvey D, Fisher K, Lewis R (2017) Coordinating ERK signaling via the molecular scaffold Kinase Suppressor of Ras. F1000Res 6:1621

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grarup N, Moltke I, Andersen MK et al (2018) Loss-of-function variants in ADCY3 increase risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 50:172–174

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guo L, Costanzo-Garvey DL, Smith DR, Neilsen BK, MacDonald RG, Lewis RE (2017) Kinase suppressor of ras 2 (KSR2) expression in the brain regulates energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Molecul Metabol 6:194–205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haglund E, Nguyen L, Schafer NP, Lammert H, Jennings PA, Onuchic JN (2018) Uncovering the molecular mechanisms behind disease-associated leptin variants. J Biol Chem 293:12919–12933

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hainerova IA, Lebl J (2013) Treatment options for children with monogenic forms of obesity. World Rev Nutr Diet 106:105–112

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hannema SE, Wit JM, Houdijk ME et al (2016) Novel leptin receptor mutations identified in two girls with severe obesity are associated with increased bone mineral density. Hormon Resear Paediat 85:412–420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatoum IJ, Stylopoulos N, Vanhoose AM et al (2012) Melanocortin-4 receptor signaling is required for weight loss after gastric bypass surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:E1023–E1031

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Heikkinen S, Argmann C, Feige JN et al (2009) The Pro12Ala PPARgamma2 variant determines metabolism at the gene-environment interface. Cell Metab 9:88–98

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hendricks AE, Bochukova EG, Marenne G et al (2017) Rare variant analysis of human and rodent obesity genes in individuals with severe childhood obesity. Sci Rep 7:4394

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilado MA, Randhawa RS (2018) A novel mutation in the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene of a Hispanic child: metformin treatment shows a beneficial impact on the body mass index. J Pediat Endocrinol Metabol: JPEM 31:815–819

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho M, Garnett SP, Baur LA et al (2013) Impact of dietary and exercise interventions on weight change and metabolic outcomes in obese children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA Pediat 167:759–768

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchesson MJ, Rollo ME, Krukowski R et al (2015) eHealth interventions for the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Obes Rev 16:376–392

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huvenne H, Le Beyec J, Pépin D et al (2015) Seven novel deleterious LEPR mutations found in early-onset obesity: a ΔExon6–8 shared by subjects from reunion Island, France, suggests a founder effect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:E757–EE66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iepsen EW, Zhang J, Thomsen HS et al (2018) Patients with obesity caused by melanocortin-4 receptor mutations can be treated with a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. Cell Metab 28:23–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson RS, Creemers JW, Ohagi S et al (1997) Obesity and impaired prohormone processing associated with mutations in the human prohormone convertase 1 gene. Nat Genet 16:303–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson RS, Creemers JW, Farooqi IS et al (2003) Small-intestinal dysfunction accompanies the complex endocrinopathy of human proprotein convertase 1 deficiency. J Clin Invest 112:1550–1560

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jelin EB, Daggag H, Speer AL et al (2016) Melanocortin-4 receptor signaling is not required for short-term weight loss after sleeve gastrectomy in pediatric patients. Int J Obes 40:550–553

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jin J (2018) Behavioral interventions for weight loss. JAMA 320:1210

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanehisa H, Kondo M, Ikegawa S, Fukunaga T (1998) Body composition and isokinetic strength of professional Sumo wrestlers. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 77:352–359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur Y, de Souza RJ, Gibson WT, Meyre D (2017) A systematic review of genetic syndromes with obesity. Obes Rev Off J Internat Assoc Study Obes 18:603–634

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keele GR, Prokop JW, He H et al (2018) Genetic fine-mapping and identification of candidate genes and variants for adiposity traits in outbred rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 26:213–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khera R, Murad MH, Chandar AK et al (2016) Association of pharmacological treatments for obesity with weight loss and adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 315:2424–2434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van der Klaauw AA, Croizier S, Mendes de Oliveira E et al (2019) Human semaphorin 3 variants link melanocortin circuit development and energy balance. Cell 176:729–742

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinendorst L, van Haelst MM, van den Akker ELT (2017) Young girl with severe early-onset obesity and hyperphagia. BMJ Case Rep 2017:bcr2017221067

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlsdorf K, Nunziata A, Funcke JB et al (2018) Early childhood BMI trajectories in monogenic obesity due to leptin, leptin receptor, and melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency. Int J Obes 42:1602–1609

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krude H, Biebermann H, Luck W, Horn R, Brabant G, Gruters A (1998) Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans. Nat Genet 19:155–157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhnen P, Clement K, Wiegand S et al (2016) Proopiomelanocortin deficiency treated with a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist. New England J Med 375:240–246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Beyec J, Cugnet-Anceau C, Pepin D et al (2013) Homozygous leptin receptor mutation due to uniparental disomy of chromosome 1: response to bariatric surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:E397–E402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee YS, Challis BG, Thompson DA et al (2006) A POMC variant implicates beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the control of human energy balance. Cell Metab 3:135–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee YS, Poh LKS, Kek BLK, Loke KY (2007) The role of melanocortin 3 receptor gene in childhood obesity. Diabetes 56:2622–2630

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lotta LA, Mokrosinski J, Mendes de Oliveira E et al (2019) Human gain-of-function MC4R variants show signaling bias and protect against obesity. Cell 177:597–607

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lunsky IO, Meyre D (2019) Decoding Mendelian obesity. Curr Opin Endocr Metab Res 4:21–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Majithia AR, Tsuda B, Agostini M et al (2016) Prospective functional classification of all possible missense variants in PPARG. Nat Genet 48:1570–1575

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Martin MG, Lindberg I, Solorzano-Vargas RS et al (2013) Congenital proprotein convertase 1/3 deficiency causes malabsorptive diarrhea and other endocrinopathies in a pediatric cohort. Gastroenterology 145:138–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McAllister EJ, Dhurandhar NV, Keith SW et al (2009) Ten putative contributors to the obesity epidemic. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 49:868–913

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meyre D, Froguel P, Horber FF, Kral JG (2014) Comment on: Valette et al. Melanocortin-4 receptor mutations and polymorphisms do not affect weight loss after bariatric surgery. PLOS ONE 2012; 7(11):E48221. PLoS One 9:e93324

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyre D, Andress EJ, Sharma T et al (2019) Contribution of rare coding mutations in CD36 to type 2 diabetes and cardio-metabolic complications. Sci Rep 9:17123

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monda KL, Chen GK, Taylor KC et al (2013) A meta-analysis identifies new loci associated with body mass index in individuals of African ancestry. Nat Genet 45:690–696

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP et al (1997) Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature 387:903–908

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore BS, Mirshahi UL, Yost EA et al (2014) Long-term weight-loss in gastric bypass patients carrying melanocortin 4 receptor variants. PLoS One 9:e93629

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morell-Azanza L, Ojeda-Rodriguez A, Giuranna J et al (2019) Melanocortin-4 receptor and lipocalin 2 gene variants in Spanish children with abdominal obesity: effects on BMI-SDS after a lifestyle intervention. Nutrients 11:960

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moulla Y, Lyros O, Bluher M, Simon P, Dietrich A (2018) Feasibility and safety of bariatric surgery in high-risk patients: a single-center experience. J Obes 2018:7498258

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2017) Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 390:2627–2642

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newton S, Braithwaite D, Akinyemiju TF (2017) Socio-economic status over the life course and obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 12:e0177151

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M et al (2014) Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 384:766–781

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Niazi RK, Gjesing AP, Hollensted M et al (2018) Identification of novel LEPR mutations in Pakistani families with morbid childhood obesity. BMC Med Genet 19:199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Noria SF, Grantcharov T (2013) Biological effects of bariatric surgery on obesity-related comorbidities. Can J Surg 56:47–57

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor EA, Evans CV, Burda BU, Walsh ES, Eder M, Lozano P (2017) Screening for obesity and intervention for weight management in children and adolescents: evidence report and systematic review for the us preventive services task force. JAMA 317:2427–2444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Rahilly S, Gray H, Humphreys PJ et al (1995) Brief report: impaired processing of prohormones associated with abnormalities of glucose homeostasis and adrenal function. N Engl J Med 333:1386–1390

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozsu E, Bahm A (2017) Delayed diagnosis of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) deficiency with type 1 diabetes in a 9-year-old girl and her infant sibling. J Pediat Endocrinol Metabol: JPEM 30:1137–1140

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce LR, Atanassova N, Banton MC et al (2013) KSR2 mutations are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and impaired cellular fuel oxidation. Cell 155:765–777

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Peirson L, Douketis J, Ciliska D, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Ali MU, Raina P (2014) Treatment for overweight and obesity in adult populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ Open 2:E306–E317

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Peirson L, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Morrison K, Warren R, Usman Ali M, Raina P (2015a) Treatment of overweight and obesity in children and youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ Open 3:E35–E46

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Peirson L, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Ciliska D, Usman Ali M, Raina P, Sherifali D (2015b) Strategies for weight maintenance in adult populations treated for overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ Open 3:E47–E54

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Philippe J, Stijnen P, Meyre D et al (2015) A nonsense loss-of-function mutation in PCSK1 contributes to dominantly inherited human obesity. Int J Obes 39:295–302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Picard F, Gehin M, Annicotte J et al (2002) SRC-1 and TIF2 control energy balance between white and brown adipose tissues. Cell 111:931–941

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Picot J, Jones J, Colquitt JL et al (2009) The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 13:1–190, 215–357, iii–iv

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pigeyre M, Meyre D (2018) Monogenic obesity. In: Freemark M (ed) Pediatric obesity: etiology, pathogenesis and treatment, 2nd edn. Humana Press, Cham, pp 135–152

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pigeyre M, Yazdi FT, Kaur Y, Meyre D (2016) Recent progress in genetics, epigenetics and metagenomics unveils the pathophysiology of human obesity. Clin Sci (Lond) 130:943–986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitman JL, Wheeler MC, Lloyd DJ, Walker JR, Glynne RJ, Gekakis N (2014) A gain-of-function mutation in adenylate cyclase 3 protects mice from diet-induced obesity. PLoS One 9:e110226

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reddon H, Gueant JL, Meyre D (2016) The importance of gene-environment interactions in human obesity. Clin Sci (Lond) 130:1571–1597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinehr T, Hebebrand J, Friedel S et al (2009) Lifestyle intervention in obese children with variations in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene. Obesity (Silver Spring) 17:382–389

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Revelli JP, Smith D, Allen J et al (2011) Profound obesity secondary to hyperphagia in mice lacking kinase suppressor of ras 2. Obesity (Silver Spring) 19:1010–1018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S et al (2015) Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Gene Med 17:405–424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saeed S, Bonnefond A, Manzoor J et al (2015) Genetic variants in LEP, LEPR, and MC4R explain 30% of severe obesity in children from a consanguineous population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 23:1687–1695

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saeed S, Bonnefond A, Tamanini F et al (2018) Loss-of-function mutations in ADCY3 cause monogenic severe obesity. Nat Genet 50:175–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santoro N, Perrone L, Cirillo G et al (2006) Weight loss in obese children carrying the proopiomelanocortin R236G variant. J Endocrinol Investig 29:226–230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schonnop L, Kleinau G, Herrfurth N et al (2016) Decreased melanocortin-4 receptor function conferred by an infrequent variant at the human melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2 gene. Obesity (Silver Spring) 24:1976–1982

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shabana HS (2016) The p. N103K mutation of leptin (LEP) gene and severe early onset obesity in Pakistan. Biol Res 49:23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Siljee JE, Wang Y, Bernard AA et al (2018) Subcellular localization of MC4R with ADCY3 at neuronal primary cilia underlies a common pathway for genetic predisposition to obesity. Nat Genet 50:180–185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SM, Meyer M, Trinkley KE (2013) Phentermine/topiramate for the treatment of obesity. Ann Pharmacother 47:340–349

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Speliotes EK, Willer CJ, Berndt SI et al (2010) Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index. Nat Genet 42:937–948

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Strobel A, Issad T, Camoin L, Ozata M, Strosberg AD (1998) A leptin missense mutation associated with hypogonadism and morbid obesity. Nat Genet 18:213–215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stryjecki C, Alyass A, Meyre D (2018) Ethnic and population differences in the genetic predisposition to human obesity. Obes Rev Off J Internat Assoc Study Obes 19:62–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stutzmann F, Tan K, Vatin V et al (2008) Prevalence of melanocortin-4 receptor deficiency in Europeans and their age-dependent penetrance in multigenerational pedigrees. Diabetes 57:2511–2518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tam V, Turcotte M, Meyre D (2018) Established and emerging strategies to crack the genetic code of obesity. Obes Rev Off J Internat Assoc Study Obes 20:212–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarnanas I, Tsolaki A, Wiederhold M, Wiederhold B, Tsolaki M (2015) Five-year biomarker progression variability for Alzheimer’s disease dementia prediction: can a complex instrumental activities of daily living marker fill in the gaps? Alzheimer Dement 1:521–532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tong T, Shen Y, Lee HW, Yu R, Park T (2016) Adenylyl cyclase 3 haploinsufficiency confers susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice. Sci Rep 6:34179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez-Moreno M, Zeng H, Locia-Morales D et al (2019) The melanocortin 4 receptor p.Ile269Asn mutation is associated with childhood and adult obesity in Mexicans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105:dgz276

    Google Scholar 

  • Wabitsch M, Funcke JB, Lennerz B et al (2015a) Biologically inactive leptin and early-onset extreme obesity. N Engl J Med 372:48–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wabitsch M, Funcke J-B, Lennerz B et al (2015b) Biologically inactive leptin and early-onset extreme obesity. New England J Med 372:48–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wabitsch M, Funcke JB, von Schnurbein J et al (2015c) Severe early-onset obesity due to bioinactive leptin caused by a p.N103K mutation in the leptin gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:3227–3230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Z, Qi C, Krones A et al (2006) Critical roles of the p160 transcriptional coactivators p/CIP and SRC-1 in energy balance. Cell Metab 3:111–122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wasim M, Awan FR, Najam SS, Khan AR, Khan HN (2016) Role of leptin deficiency, inefficiency, and leptin receptors in obesity. Biochem Genet 54:565–572

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wen W, Cho YS, Zheng W et al (2012) Meta-analysis identifies common variants associated with body mass index in east Asians. Nat Genet 44:307–311

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Bakshi A, Zhu Z et al (2015a) Genetic variance estimation with imputed variants finds negligible missing heritability for human height and body mass index. Nat Genet 47:1114–1120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang F, Huang H, Tao YX (2015b) Biased signaling in naturally occurring mutations in human melanocortin-3 receptor gene. Int J Biol Sci 11:423–433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, van der Klaauw AA, Zhu L et al (2019) Steroid receptor coactivator-1 modulates the function of Pomc neurons and energy homeostasis. Nat Commun 10:1718

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yupanqui-Lozno H, Bastarrachea RA, Yupanqui-Velazco ME et al (2019) Congenital leptin deficiency and leptin gene missense mutation found in two Colombian sisters with severe obesity. Gene 10:342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding Sources

DM holds a Canada Research Chair in Genetics of Obesity.

Declarations of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David Meyre .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Chen, S., Meyre, D. (2020). An Update on Mendelian Forms of Obesity and their Personalized Treatments. In: Faintuch, J., Faintuch, S. (eds) Obesity and Diabetes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53370-0_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics