Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pesticide Impacts on the Environment and Humans

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Daily Poison

Abstract

Pesticide impacts on the environment and humans are manifold. Due to the enormous variety of active ingredients with different mode of actions, no general patterns for the different pesticide classes can be identified. This chapter describes experiences from our own experiments and other studies testing pesticide effects on a variety of nontarget organisms, including soil biota, amphibians, insects, birds, and bats. If pesticides are applied at recommended doses, they are rarely acutely toxic to nontarget organisms. However, there are many indirect effects of pesticides on the activity, fitness, neurology, and reproduction of organisms. When a herbicide kills plants, this affects not only the diversity of the vegetation; the removal of nectar, pollen, food, and shelter for many insect pollinators, herbivores, birds, bats, and other mammals impairs overall biodiversity. A major problem is that environmental risk assessments of pesticides are only conducted for single active substances on a few surrogate species, thereby ignoring the agricultural practice with applications of many different pesticides during the cropping season, biodiversity, and ecological interactions in the agroecosystem. Side effects of pesticides on humans are worrying and include acute poisonings, and serious chronic diseases affecting the nerve system, the hormone system, interfering fertility, and reproduction, and can cause tumors. Morbus Parkinson is in some countries an occupational disease for winegrowers. Examples are mentioned where scientists who critically challenge the current use of pesticides were given a hard time.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 24.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbas N, Khan HA, Shad S (2014) Cross-resistance, genetics, and realized heritability of resistance to fipronil in the house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae): a potential vector for disease transmission. Parasitol Res 113:1343–1352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abell A, Juul S, Bonde JPE (2000) Time to pregnancy among female greenhouse workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 26:131–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Achinger E, Wreschniok L (2018) Pestizidzulassungen in der EU. Verbraucherschutz Fehlanzeige. Bayerischer Rundfunk. Report München, www.br.de/fernsehen/das-erste/sendungen/report-muenchen/videos-und-manuskripte/pestizide-verbraucherschutz-116.html. Accessed 02 Nov 2019

  • Ackerman-Leist P (2017) A precautionary tale. How one small town banned pesticides, preserved its food heritage, and inspired a movement. Chelsea Green Publishing, White River Junction, VT

    Google Scholar 

  • Acquavella JF et al (2004) Glyphosate biomonitoring for farmers and their families: results from the Farm Family Exposure Study. Environ Health Perspect 112:321–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • AGES (2015) AGES Stellungnahme zur Regenwurm-Studie der BOKU. Glyphosat und das Risiko für Regenwürmer. In: Ernährungssicherheit AfGu (ed). https://www.ages.at/fileadmin/AGES2015/Themen/Pflanzenschutzmittel_Dateien/BOKU_Regenwurmstudie_Stellungnahme.pdf. Accessed 10 Oct 2019

  • Agrarministerkonferenz (2015) Ergebnisprotokoll der Agrarministerkonferenz am 2. Oktober 2015 in Fulda, 69 p

    Google Scholar 

  • AHS (2019) Agricultural Health Study. Study Update 2019. National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. https://aghealth.nih.gov/news/AHSUpdate2019.pdf. Accessed 02 Nov 2019

  • Andreotti G et al (2018) Glyphosate use and cancer incidence in the agricultural health study. J Natl Cancer Inst 110:509–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anon (2018) Auch das noch! Schmelzende Alpen-Gletscher sind giftig. In: Blick. https://www.blick.ch/news/schweiz/auch-das-noch-schmelzende-alpen-gletscher-sind-giftig-id33662.html. Accessed 20 Oct 2019

  • APS (2019) What are fungicides? In: American Phytopathological Society (APS) (ed) https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disimpactmngmnt/topc/Pages/Fungicides.aspx. Accessed 07 Dec 2019

  • ARTE (2012) Tabu Intersexualitaet – Menschen zwischen den Geschlechtern. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNg8NhVwb5s. Accessed 02 Nov 2019

  • BAFU (2019) Pflanzenschutzmittel im Grundwasser. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/bafu/de/home/themen/wasser/fachinformationen/zustand-der-gewaesser/zustand-des-grundwassers/grundwasser-qualitaet/pflanzenschutzmittel-im-grundwasser.html. Accessed 30 Dec 2019

  • Baier F et al (2016a) Non-target effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on Common toad larvae (Bufo bufo, Amphibia) and associated algae are altered by temperature. PeerJ 4:e2641. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baier F, Jedinger M, Gruber E, Zaller JG (2016b) Temperature-dependence of glyphosate-based herbicide’s effects on egg and tadpole growth of Common Toads. Front Environ Sci 4:51. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2016.00051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandow C, Karau N, Römbke J (2014) Interactive effects of pyrimethanil, soil moisture and temperature on Folsomia candida and Sinella curviseta (Collembola). Appl Soil Ecol 81:22–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barber I, Tarrant KA, Thompson HM (2003) Exposure of small mammals, in particular the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus, to pesticide seed treatments. Environ Toxicol Chem 22:1134–1139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes CJ, Lavy TL, Mattice JD (1987) Exposure of non-applicator personnel and adjacent areas to aerially applied propanil. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 39:126–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beketov MA, Kefford BJ, Schäfer RB, Liess M (2013) Pesticides reduce regional biodiversity of stream invertebrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:11039–11043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belda I, Zarraonaindia I, Perisin M, Palacios A, Acedo A (2017) From vineyard soil to wine fermentation: microbiome approximations to explain the “terroir” concept. Front Microbiol 8:821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benbrook CM (2016) Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally. Environ Sci Eur 28:3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benbrook CM (2019) How did the US EPA and IARC reach diametrically opposed conclusions on the genotoxicity of glyphosate-based herbicides? Environ Sci Eur 31:2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benítez-Leite S, Macchi M, Acosta M (2009) Malformaciones congénitas asociadas a agrotóxicos. Rev Chil Pediatr 80:377–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benton TG, Bryant DM, Cole L, Crick HQP (2002) Linking agricultural practice to insect and bird populations: a historical study over three decades. J Appl Ecol 39:673–687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A, Eddleston M, Gunnell D (2006) Deaths from pesticide poisoning: are we lacking a global response. Br J Psychiatry 189:201–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beste A (2017) Vergiftet. Pestizide in Boden und Wasser – das Beispiel Glyphosat. In: AgrarBündnis eV (ed) Der kritische Agrarbericht 2017. Schwerpunkt Wasser. ABL Bauernblatt Verlags-GmbH, Konstanz, pp 204–208

    Google Scholar 

  • BfR (2019) Neue Meta-Analyse zu glyphosathaltigen Pflanzenschutzmitteln ändert die Bewertung des Wirkstoffs nicht. Stellungnahme Nr 008/2019 des BfR vom 3. April 2019. https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/neue-meta-analyse-zu-glyphosathaltigen-pflanzenschutzmitteln-aendert-die-bewertung-des-wirkstoffs-nichtpdf. Accessed 18 Dec 2019

  • Bingham E, Monforton C (2010) The pesticide DBCP and male infertility. In: Agency EE (ed) Lessons from health hazards. The pesticide DBCP and male infertility, vol No 1/2013, pp 203–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjørling-Poulsen M, Andersen HR, Grandjean P (2008) Potential developmental neurotoxicity of pesticides used in Europe. Environ Health 7:50–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BNN (2019) BNN-Orientierungswert für Pestizide – Eine Leitlinie zur Beurteilung von Pestizidnachweisen in Bio-Produkten. https://n-bnn.de/sites/default/dateien/190409_BNN-Orientierungswert_DE.pdf. Accessed 24 Jan 2020

  • Boatman ND et al (2004) Evidence for the indirect effects of pesticides on farmland birds. Ibis 146:131–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bogdal C, Schmid P, Zennegg M, Anselmetti F, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K (2009) Blast from the past: melting glaciers as a relevant source for persistent organic pollutants. Environ Sci Technol 43:8173–8177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonmatin J-M et al (2015) Environmental fate and exposure; neonicotinoids and fipronil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:35–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowler DE, Heldbjerg H, Fox AD, de Jong M, Böhning-Gaese K (2019) Long-term declines of European insectivorous bird populations and potential causes. Conserv Biol 33:1120–1130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyles JG, Cryan PM, McCracken GF, Kunz TH (2011) Economic importance of bats in agriculture. Science 332:41–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BR (2016) Glyphosat im Weinberg: Regenwürmer auf Rückzug. BR Fernsehen, Unser Land, Christoph Schuster, www.youtube.com/watch?v=dIhan0Qw0vM. Accessed 10 Oct 2019

  • Bradbury RB, Bailey CM, Wright D, Evans AD (2008) Wintering Cirl Buntings Emberiza cirlus in southwest England select cereal stubbles that follow a low-input herbicide regime: Capsule Birds selected stubbles preceded by crops with reduced pesticide inputs over those grown conventionally. Bird Study 55:23–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brakes CR, Smith RH (2005) Exposure of non-target small mammals to rodenticides: short-term effects, recovery and implications for secondary poisoning. J Appl Ecol 42:118–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bretveld R, Zielhuis GA, Roeleveld N (2006) Time to pregnancy among female greenhouse workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 32:359–367

    Google Scholar 

  • Brickle NW, Harper DGC, Aebischer NJ, Cockayne SH (2000) Effects of agricultural intensification on the breeding success of corn buntings Miliaria calandra. J Appl Ecol 37:742–755

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bro E, Millot F, Decors A, Devillers J (2015) Quantification of potential exposure of gray partridge (Perdix perdix) to pesticide active substances in farmlands. Sci Tot Environ 521–522:315–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brühl CA, Zaller JG (2019) Biodiversity decline as a consequence of an inadequate environmental risk assessment of pesticides. Front Environ Sci 7:177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brühl CA, Schmidt T, Pieper S, Alscher A (2013) Terrestrial pesticide exposure of amphibians: an underestimated cause of global decline? Sci Rep 3:1135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bucheli TD, Müller SR, Heberle S, Schwarzenbach RP (1998) Occurrence and behavior of pesticides in rainwater, roof runoff, and artificial stormwater infiltration. Environ Sci Technol 32:3457–3464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchweitz JP, Carson K, Rebolloso S, Lehner A (2018) DDT poisoning of big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus, in Hamilton, Montana. Chemosphere 201:1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler D (2018a) EU pesticide review could lead to ban. Nature 555:150–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler D (2018b) Scientists hail European ban on bee-harming pesticides. Nature, 27 April 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-04987-4

  • BVL (2018) Beistoffe in zugelassenen Pflanzenschutzmitteln. In: Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit. https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/zul_info_liste_beistoffe.html. Accessed 29 Sept 2019

  • BVL (2019a) Notfallzulassung nach Artikel 53 der Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1107/2009 für das Pflanzenschutzmittel: Exirel. https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/01_notfallzulassungen/Exirel_Kirschessigfliege_Weinbau_2019.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2. Accessed 25 Dec 2019

  • BVL (2019b) Verzeichnis zugelassener Pflanzenschutzmittel, apps2.bvl.bund.de/psm/jsp/index.jsp. In: Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit. Accessed 30 Sept 2019

  • Caballero M, Amiri S, Denney JT, Monsivais P, Hystad P, Amram O (2018) Estimated residential exposure to agricultural chemicals and premature mortality by Parkinson’s disease in Washington state. Int J Environ Res 15(12):2885. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122885

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calvert GM et al (2008) Acute pesticide poisoning among agricultural workers in the United States, 1998–2005. Am J Ind Med 51:883–898

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Capowiez Y, Rault M, Costagliola G, Mazzia C (2005) Lethal and sublethal effects of imidacloprid on two earthworm species (Aporrectodea nocturna and Allolobophora icterica). Biol Fertil Soils 41:135–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carriger J, Rand G (2008) Aquatic risk assessment of pesticides in surface waters in and adjacent to the Everglades and Biscayne National Parks: I. Hazard assessment and problem formulation. Ecotoxicology 17:660–679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carson R (1962) Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Chartrand L, Movilla M, Ellenwood L (2019) Havana syndrome: exposure to neurotoxin may have been cause, study suggests. CBC News, www.cbc.ca/news/canada/havana-syndrome-neurotoxin-enquête-1.5288609. Accessed 12 Jan 2020

  • Clausing P, Vicaire Y (2019) Carcinogenicity assessment was flawed for 4 out of 10 pesticides, new report shows, www.env-health.org/carcinogenicity-assessment-was-flawed-for-4-out-of-10-pesticides-new-report-shows/. Accessed 02 Nov 2019

  • Coeurdassier M et al (2014) Unintentional wildlife poisoning and proposals for sustainable management of rodents. Conserv Biol 28:315–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colborn T, Myers JP, Dumanoski D (1996) Our stolen future: are we threatening our fertility, intelligence, and survival? A scientific detective story. Dutton, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Corsolini S, Borghesi N, Ademollo N, Focardi S (2011) Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica. Environ Int 37:1329–1335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cribb J (2016) Surviving the 21st century: humanity’s ten great challenges and how we can overcome them. Springer, Zurich

    Google Scholar 

  • Crumpton T, Seidler F, Slotkin T (2000) Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos in vivo and in vitro: effects on nuclear transcription factors involved in cell replication and differentiation. Brain Res 857:87–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dallegrave E, Mantese FD, Oliveira RT, Andrade AJM, Dalsenter PR, Langeloh A (2007) Pre- and postnatal toxicity of the commercial glyphosate formulation in Wistar rats. Arch Toxicol 81:665–673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Jong FMW, de Snoo GR, van de Zande JC (2008) Estimated nationwide effects of pesticide spray drift on terrestrial habitats in the Netherlands. J Environ Manag 86:721–730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Snoo GR, Scheidegger NM, de Jong FMW (1999) Vertebrate wildlife incidents with pesticides: a European survey. Pestic Sci 55:47–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiBartolomeis M, Kegley S, Mineau P, Radford R, Klein K (2019) An assessment of acute insecticide toxicity loading (AITL) of chemical pesticides used on agricultural land in the United States. PLoS One 14:e0220029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dinehart SK, Smith LM, McMurry ST, Anderson TA, Smith PN, Haukos DA (2009) Toxicity of a glufosinate- and several glyphosate-based herbicides to juvenile amphibians from the Southern High Plains, USA. Sci Tot Environ 407:1065–1071

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dirzo R, Young HS, Galetti M, Ceballos G, Isaac NJB, Collen B (2014) Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science 345:401–406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolder LK (2003) Metaldehyde toxicosis. Vet Med 98:213–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowding CV, Shore RF, Worgan A, Baker PJ, Harris S (2010) Accumulation of anticoagulant rodenticides in a non-target insectivore, the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). Environ Pollut 158:161–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duforestel M et al (2019) Glyphosate primes mammary cells for tumorigenesis by reprogramming the epigenome in a TET3-dependent manner. Front Genet 10:885

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyttrich B (2015) Giftiger Bodenschutz à la Syngenta. https://www.woz.ch/1521/agrochemie/giftiger-bodenschutz-a-la-syngenta. Accessed 20 Oct 2019

  • EASAC (2015) Ecosystem services, agriculture and neonicotinoids. EASAC policy report 26, 70pp. https://easac.eu/publications/details/ecosystem-services-agriculture-and-neonicotinoids/. Accessed 23 Oct 2017

  • EC (2019) EU pesticides database. https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/public/?event=homepage&language=EN. Accessed 23 Nov 2019

  • EEA (2018) European waters assessment of status and pressures 2018. EEA Report No. 7/2018, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/state-of-water. Accessed 12 Jan 2020

  • EFSA (2018a) The 2016 European Union report on pesticide residues in food. EFSA J 16:139p

    Google Scholar 

  • EFSA (2018b) Evaluation of the data on clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam for the updated risk assessment to bees for seed treatments and granules in the EU. EFSA Supporting Publications 15:1378E

    Google Scholar 

  • EFSA (2018c) Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for bees for the active substance clothianidin considering the uses as seed treatments and granules. EFSA J 16:e05177

    Google Scholar 

  • EFSA (2018d) Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for bees for the active substance imidacloprid considering the uses as seed treatments and granules. EFSA J 16:e05178

    Google Scholar 

  • EFSA (2018e) Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for bees for the active substance thiamethoxam considering the uses as seed treatments and granules. EFSA J 16:e05179

    Google Scholar 

  • EFSA et al (2019a) Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for the active substance sulfoxaflor in light of confirmatory data submitted. EFSA J 17:e05633

    Google Scholar 

  • EFSA et al (2019b) Scientific statement on the coverage of bats by the current pesticide risk assessment for birds and mammals. EFSA J 17:e05758

    Google Scholar 

  • Eng ML, Stutchbury BJM, Morrissey CA (2019) A neonicotinoid insecticide reduces fueling and delays migration in songbirds. Science 365:1177–1180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EPA (2016) Response to comments of the draft biological evaluations for chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/nas/final/response-to-comments.pdf. Accessed 25 Dec 2019

  • EPRS (2018) Directive 2009/128/EC on the sustainable use of pesticides. In: Service EPR (ed) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/627113/EPRS_STU(2018)627113_EN.pdf. Accessed 13 Oct 2019

  • Ewald JA, Aebischer NJ (1999) Pesticide use, avian food resources and bird densities in Sussex. Joint Nature Conservation Committee Report No 296, 103 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewald JA, Aebischer NJ, Brickle NW, Moreby SJ, Potts GR, Wakeham-Dowson A (2002) Spatial variation in densities of farmland birds in relation to pesticide use and avian food resources. Avian Landscape Ecology IALE (UK):305–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine JD, Cox-Foster DL, Mullin CA (2017) An inert pesticide adjuvant synergizes viral pathogenicity and mortality in honey bee larvae. Sci Rep 7:40499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer J, Müller T, Spatz A-K, Greggers U, Grünewald B, Menzel R (2014) Neonicotinoids interfere with specific components of navigation in honeybees. PLoS One 9:e91364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flickinger EL, King KA, Stout WF, Mohn MM (1980) Wildlife hazards from furadan 3G applications to rice in Texas. J Wildl Manag 44:190–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman A, Calkin C, Bowen C (2019) Havana syndrome: neuroanatomical and neurofunctional assessment in acquired brain injury due to unknown etiology. Brain Repair Center, de.scribd.com/document/426438895/Etude-du-Centre-de-traitement-des-lesions-cerebrales-de-l-Universite-de-Dalhousie, 41pp. Accessed 12 Jan 2020

  • Gaberell L (2020) In der Schweiz verbotenes Pestizid verschmutzt brasilianisches Trinkwasser. In: Eye P (ed) https://www.publiceye.ch/de/themen/pestizide/profenofos?fbclid=IwAR2j8-LGJ-3Wmc_HqzqfC50YvCthjHmU9cR3U9BQd1Dw4O_b9PfWLHoZbfc. Accessed 26 Jan 2020

  • Gallai N, Salles J-M, Settele J, Vaissière BE (2009) Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline. Ecol Econ 68:810–821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gammon C (2009) Weed-whacking herbicide proves deadly to human cells. Scientific American, vol June 23, 2009. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/weed-whacking-herbicide-p/. Accessed 02 Jan 2020

  • Gasnier C, Dumont C, Benachour N, Clair E, Chagnon M-C, Séralini G-E (2009) Glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell lines. Toxicology 262:184–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaupp-Berghausen M, Hofer M, Rewald B, Zaller JG (2015) Glyphosate-based herbicides reduce the activity and reproduction of earthworms and lead to increased soil nutrient concentrations. Sci Rep 5:12886

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geiger F et al (2010) Persistent negative effects of pesticides on biodiversity and biological control potential on European farmland. Basic Appl Ecol 11:97–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geisz HN, Dickhut RM, Cochran MA, Fraser WR, Ducklow HW (2008) Melting glaciers: a probable source of DDT to the Antarctic marine ecosystem. Environ Sci Technol 42:3958–3962

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerlock G (2013) Herbicide drift threatens Midwest vineyards. Harvest Public Media. https://www.kcur.org/post/herbicide-drift-threatens-midwest-vineyards#stream/0. Accessed 20 Oct 2019

  • Gibbons DW et al (2006) Weed seed resources for birds in fields with contrasting conventional and genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Proc Roy Soc B 273:1921–1928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs KE, Mackey RL, Currie DJ (2009) Human land use, agriculture, pesticides and losses of imperiled species. Divers Distrib 15:242–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilliom RJ, Hamilton PA (2006) Pesticides in the nation’s streams and ground water, 1992-2001 – a summary. Fact Sheet, 6pp, https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs20063028. Accessed 17 Oct 2017

  • Goldstein MI et al (1999) Monocrotophos-induced mass mortality of Swainson’s Hawks in Argentina, 1995–96. Ecotoxicology 8:201–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gore AC, Crews D, Doan LL, Merrill ML, Patisaul H, Zota A (2014) Introduction to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). A guide fro public interest organizations and policy-makers. In: Society E (ed) Introduction to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), A guide for public interest organizations and policy-makers. https://www.endocrine.org/-/media/endosociety/files/advocacy-and-outreach/important-documents/introduction-to-endocrine-disrupting-chemicals.pdf. Accessed 02 Nov 2019

  • Goulson D (2013) An overview of the environmental risks posed by neonicotinoid insecticides. J Appl Ecol 50:977–987

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goulson D (2019) The insect apocalypse, and why it matters. Curr Biol 29:R967–R971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ (2014) Neurobehavioural effects of developmental toxicity. Lancet Neurol 13:330–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenpeace (2014) Gift im Bienen-Gepäck. Analyse von Pestizidrückständen in Bienenbrot und Pollenhöschen von Honigbienen (Apis mellifera) aus 12 europäischen Ländern, www.greenpeace.de/sites/www.greenpeace.de/files/publications/20140415-pollenreport-gift-im-bienengepaeck.pdf. Accessed 19 Oct 2019

  • Grimalt JO, Borghini F, Sanchez-Hernandez JC, Barra R, Torres García CJ, Focardi S (2004) Temperature dependence of the distribution of organochlorine compounds in the mosses of the Andean mountains. Environ Sci Technol 38:5386–5392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guillette EA, Meza MM, Aquilar MG, Soto AD, Garcia IE (1998) An anthropological approach to the evaluation of preschool children exposed to pesticides in Mexico. Environ Health Perspect 106:347–353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gullan PJ, Cranston PS (eds) (2014) The insects: an outline of entomology, 5th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunnell D, Eddleston M (2003) Suicide by intentional ingestion of pesticides: a continuing tragedy in developing countries. Int J Epidemiol 32:902–909

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guyton KZ et al (2015) Carcinogenicity of tetrachlorvinphos, parathion, malathion, diazinon, and glyphosate. Lancet Oncol 16:490–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn H, Michalak K, Preussner K, Engler A, Heinemayer G, Gundert-Remy U (2000) Ärztliche Mitteilungen bei Vergiftungen nach §16e Chemikaliengesetz 1999. In: Bericht der “Zentralen Erfassungsstelle für Vergiftungen, gefährliche Stoffe und Zubereitungen, Umweltmedizin” im Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin für das Jahr 1999. Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin, mobil.bfr.bund.de/cm/350/aerztliche_mitteilungen_bei_vergiftungen_1999.pdf, 62pp. Accessed 02 Nov 2019

  • Hall FR (1991) Pesticide application technology and integrated pest management (IPM). In: Pimentel D (ed) Handbook of pest management in agriculture, vol II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 135–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Haller D (2011) Maya Graf geht gegen Millionen-Spenden der Syngenta vor. Basellandschaftliche Zeitung. http://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/basel/baselbiet/maya-graf-geht-gegen-millionen-spenden-der-syngenta-vor-114988856. Accessed 02 Nov 2019

  • Hallmann J, Quadt-Hallmann A, Tiedemann AV (2009) Phytomedizin. Grundwissen Bachelor, 2. Auflage edn. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, Deutschland

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallmann CA, Foppen RPB, van Turnhout CAM, de Kroon H, Jongejans E (2014) Declines in insectivorous birds are associated with high neonicotinoid concentrations. Nature 511:341–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanner D (1984) Herbicide drift prompts state inquiry. Dallas Morning News

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen E, Donohoe M (2003) Health issues of migrant and seasonal farm workers. J Health Care Poor Underserved 14:153–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardell L, Eriksson M (1999) A case–control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and exposure to pesticides. Cancer 85:1353–1360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart K, Pimentel D (2002) Public health and costs of pesticides. In: Pimentel D (ed) Encyclopedia of pest management. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, pp 677–679

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayasaka D, Korenaga T, Suzuki K, Saito F, Sánchez-Bayo F, Goka K (2012) Cumulative ecological impacts of two successive annual treatments of imidacloprid and fipronil on aquatic communities of paddy mesocosms. Ecotox Environ Safe 80:355–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes TB, Falso P, Gallipeau S, Stice M (2010a) The cause of global amphibian declines: a developmental endocrinologist’s perspective. J Exp Biol 213:921–933

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes TB et al (2010b) Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:4612–4617

    Google Scholar 

  • HBS and BUND (2020) Insektenatlas. Daten und Fakten über Nütz- und Schädlinge in der Landwirtschaft, Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung & BUND, www.boell.de/sites/default/files/2020-01/WEB_insektenatlas_2020.pdf?dimension1=ds_insektenatlas. Accessed 24 Jan 2020

  • HEAL (2017) Endocrine disrupting pesticides in tap and surface water. http://www.env-health.org/resources/press-releases/article/endocrine-disrupting-pesticides-in

  • Heap I (2020) The international survey of herbicide resistant weeds. www.weedscience.org. Accessed 05 Jan 2020

  • Hébert M-P, Fugère V, Gonzalez A (2019) The overlooked impact of rising glyphosate use on phosphorus loading in agricultural watersheds. Front Ecol Environ 17:48–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegde G, Krishnamurthy SV, Berger G (2019) Common frogs response to agrochemicals contamination in coffee plantations, Western Ghats, India. Chem Ecol 35:397–407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heidis Mist (2020) Des Schweizers weisse Weste: Export von giftigen Pestiziden. https://heidismist.wordpress.com/2020/01/26/des-schweizers-weisse-weste-export-von-giftigen-pestiziden/. Accessed 26 Jan 2020

  • Helander M, Saloniemi I, Omacini M, Druille M, Salminen JP, Saikkonen K (2018) Glyphosate decreases mycorrhizal colonization and affects plant-soil feedback. Sci Tot Environ 642:285–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hesselbach H, Scheiner R (2018) Effects of the novel pesticide flupyradifurone (Sivanto) on honeybee taste and cognition. Sci Rep 8:4954

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heute (2018) Glyphosat bedroht die Qualität unserer Weine, heute, www.heute.at/s/glyphosat-bedroht-die-qualitat-der-weine-53218999. Accessed 24 Dec 2019

  • Hinck JE, Blazer VS, Schmitt CJ, Papoulias DM, Tillitt DE (2009) Widespread occurrence of intersex in black basses (Micropterus spp.) from U.S. rivers, 1995–2004. Aquat Toxicol 95:60–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann J et al. (2012) Bewertung und Verbesserung der Biodiversität leistungsfähiger Nutzungssysteme in Ackerbaugebieten unter Nutzung von Indikatorvogelarten, Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Braunschweig, https://www.openagrar.de/receive/openagrar_mods_00009677. Accessed 17 Oct 2017

  • Holcombe M (2019) Poisonings have killed an owl and 7 bald eagles. Now, there is an investigation into the mysterious deaths. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/05/03/us/maryland-eagle-owl-deaths-poison-trnd/index.html. Accessed 25 Dec 2019

  • Hooven L, Sagili R, Johansen E (2013) How to reduce bee poisoning from pesticides. In: A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication, vol. PNW 591. http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PDF/PMG/pnw591.pdf. Accessed 04 Jan 2020

  • Humann-Guilleminot S, Clément S, Desprat J, Binkowski ŁJ, Glauser G, Helfenstein F (2019) A large-scale survey of house sparrows feathers reveals ubiquitous presence of neonicotinoids in farmlands. Sci Tot Environ 660:1091–1097

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IGP (2015) IGP zu NGO-Sturmlauf: Wurm-Studie von Global 2000 ohne Aussagekraft. https://www.igpflanzenschutz.at/igp-zu-ngo-sturmlauf-wurm-studie-von-global-2000-ohne-aussagekraft/. Accessed 10 Oct 2019

  • IPBES (2017) The assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on pollinators, pollination and food production. In: Potts SG, Imperatriz-Fonseca VL, Ngo HT (eds) Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Bonn. doi:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3402856. Accessed 24 Dec 2019, p 552

  • ISO (2008) Soil quality – Avoidance test for determining the quality of soils and effects of chemicals on behaviour – Part 1: Test with earthworms (Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei). In: ISO 17512-1

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahn T, Hötker H, Oppermann R, Bleil R, Vele L (2014) Protection of biodiversity of free living birds and mammals in respect of the effects of pesticides, vol 30/2014. NABU. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/protection-of-biodiversity-of-free-living-birds. Accessed 20 Oct 2019

  • Jamieson AJ, Malkocs T, Piertney SB, Fujii T, Zhang Z (2017) Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in the deepest ocean fauna. Nat Ecol Evol 1:0051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen OP (2019) Pesticide impacts through aquatic food webs. Science 366:566–567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joermann G, Gemmeke H (1994) Meldungen über Pflanzenschutzmittelvergiftungen von Wirbeltieren. Nachrichtenblatt Deutscher Pflanzenschutzdienst, Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, pp 295–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston I (2017) EU experts accused of conflict of interest over herbicide linked to cancer. Independent, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavi LAK, Kaufman PE, Scott JG (2014) Genetics and mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in house flies. Pestic Biochem Physiol 109:64–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr JT (2017) A cocktail of poisons. Science 356:1331–1332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klawitter N (2019) Skandal bei Bayer-Tochter. Monsanto spionierte Kritiker in ganz Europa aus. Spiegel Online, 13 May 2019. https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/bayer-konzern-unter-druck-monsanto-hat-kritiker-in-ganz-europa-ausgespaeht-a-1267229.html. Accessed 10 Oct 2019

  • Klingenschmitt E (2016) Gifte belasten auch Bio-Äcker. SWR2 Impuls. http://www.swr.de/swr2/wissen/impuls-pestizide-protest/-/id=661224/did=17849754/nid=661224/eshk2f/index.html. Accessed 04 Oct 2019

  • Kniss A (2015) Dead plants are probably bad for earthworms, vol 2017. http://weedcontrolfreaks.com/2015/09/dead-plants-are-probably-bad-for-earthworms/. Accessed 10 Oct 2019

  • Kniss A (2019) Conflict of interest statement. https://plantoutofplace.com/conflict-of-interest-statement/. Accessed 10 Oct 2019

  • Köhler HR, Triebskorn R (2013) Wildlife ecotoxicology of pesticides: can we track effects to the population level and beyond? Science 341:759–765

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koller VJ, Fürhacker M, Nersesyan A, Mišík M, Eisenbauer M, Knasmueller S (2012) Cytotoxic and DNA-damaging properties of glyphosate and Roundup in human-derived buccal epithelial cells. Arch Toxicol 86:805–813

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolok AS (2016) Modern poisons. A brief introduction to contemporary toxicology. Island Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreiß C (2015) Gekaufte Forschung. Wissenschaft im Dienste der Industrie - Irrweg Drittmittelforschung. Europa Verlag, Berlin, Deutschland

    Google Scholar 

  • Krüger M, Shehata AA, Schrodl W, Rodloff A (2013) Glyphosate suppresses the antagonistic effect of Enterococcus spp. on Clostridium botulinum. Anaerobe 20:74–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krüger M, Lindner A, Heimrath J (2015) Nachweis von Glyphosat im Urin freiwilliger, selbstzahlender Studien- teilnehmer – “Urinale 2015”. http://www.urinale.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PK-Text-Handout.pdf. Accessed 02 Nov 2019

  • Lau ET, Karraker NE, Leung KM (2015) Temperature-dependent acute toxicity of methomyl pesticide on larvae of three Asian amphibian species. Environ Toxicol Chem 34:2322–2327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee S-J et al (2011) Acute pesticide illnesses associated with off-target pesticide drift from agricultural applications: 11 States, 1998-2006. Environ Health Perspect 119:1162–1169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Legleiter TR, Bradley KW (2008) Glyphosate and multiple herbicide resistance in common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) populations from Missouri. Weed Sci 56:582–587

    Google Scholar 

  • LeNoir JS, McConnell LL, Fellers GM, Cahill TM, Seiber JN (1999) Summertime transport of current-use pesticides from California’s Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem 18:2715–2722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leon ME et al (2019) Pesticide use and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoid malignancies in agricultural cohorts from France, Norway and the USA: a pooled analysis from the AGRICOH consortium. Int J Epidemiol 48:1519–1535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linhart C et al (2019) Pesticide contamination and associated risk factors at public playgrounds near intensively managed apple and wine orchards. Environ Sci Eur 31:28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzen S (2013) Nervengift für Rinder. Chronischer Botulismus und der Einsatz von Glyphosat – ein Lehrbeispiel für politisches Versagen, Der kritische Agrarbericht 2013. www.kritischer-agrarbericht.de/fileadmin/Daten-KAB/KAB-2013/Lorenzen.pdf, pp 226–230. Accessed 20 Oct 2019

  • MacKenzie D, Pearce F (1999) It’s raining pesticides. New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16221803-100-its-raining-pesticides/

  • Main AR, Headley JV, Peru KM, Michel NL, Cessna AJ, Morrissey CA (2014) Widespread use and frequent detection of neonicotinoid insecticides in wetlands of Canada’s Prairie Pothole Region. PLoS One 9:e92821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malaj E et al (2014) Organic chemicals jeopardize the health of freshwater ecosystems on the continental scale. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:9549–9554

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandl K, Cantelmo C, Gruber E, Faber F, Friedrich B, Zaller JG (2018) Effects of Glyphosate-, Glufosinate- and Flazasulfuron-Based Herbicides on Soil Microorganisms in a Vineyard. Bull Environ Contamin Toxicol 101:562–569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manikkam M, Tracey R, Guerrero-Bosagna C, Skinner MK (2012) Pesticide and insect repellent mixture (permethrin and DEET) induces epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease and sperm epimutations. Reprod Toxicol 34:708–719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mart M (2015) Pesticides, a Love Story. America’s Enduring Embrace of Dangerous Chemicals. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez DA, Loening UE, Graham MC (2018) Impacts of glyphosate-based herbicides on disease resistance and health of crops: a review. Environ Sci Eur 30:2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews G (2016) Pesticides: health, safety and the environment. Wiley Blackwell, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurissen JPJ, Hoberman AM, Garman RH, Hanley TR Jr (2000) Lack of selective developmental neurotoxicity in rat pups from dams treated by gavage with chlorpyrifos. Toxicol Sci 57:250–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mesnage R, Antoniou MN (2018) Ignoring adjuvant toxicity falsifies the safety profile of commercial pesticides. Front Public Health 5:361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mesnage R, Defarge N, de Vendômois JS, Séralini G-E (2014) Major pesticides are more toxic to human cells than their declared active principles. BioMed Res Int. Article ID 179691:8 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesnage R, Renney G, Séralini G-E, Ward M, Antoniou MN (2017) Multiomics reveal non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats following chronic exposure to an ultra-low dose of Roundup herbicide. Sci Rep 7:39328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mie A, Rudén C, Grandjean P (2018) Safety of Safety Evaluation of Pesticides: developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl. Environ Health 17:77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller GT, Spoolman SE (2011) Living in the environment, 17th edn. Cengage, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mineau P et al (1999) Poisoning of raptors with organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides with emphasis on Canada, US and UK. J Raptor Res 33:1–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Mineau P, Downes CM, Kirk DA, Bayne E, Csizy M (2005) Patterns of bird species abundance in relation to granular insecticide use in the Canadian prairies. Ecoscience 12(267–278):212

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell EAD, Mulhauser B, Mulot M, Mutabazi A, Glauser G, Aebi A (2017) A worldwide survey of neonicotinoids in honey. Science 358:109–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moriarty F (1988) Ecotoxicology. The study of pollutants in ecosystems. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris AJ, Wilson JD, Whittingham MJ, Bradbury RB (2005) Indirect effects of pesticides on breeding yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella). Agric Ecosyst Environ 106:1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Mörtl M, Darvas B, Vehovszky A, Gyori J, Szekacs A (2017) Occurrence of neonicotinoids in guttation liquid of maize – soil mobility and cross-contamination. Int J Environ Analyt 97:868–884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mose T, Kjaerstad M, Mathiesen L, Nielsen J, Edelfors S, Knudsen L (2008) Placental passage of benzoic acid, caffeine, and glyphosate in an ex vivo human perfusion system. J Toxicol Environ Health A 71:984–991

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mostafalou S, Abdollahi M (2017) Pesticides: an update of human exposure and toxicity. Arch Toxicol 91:549–599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Motta EVS, Raymann K, Moran NA (2018) Glyphosate perturbs the gut microbiota of honey bees. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115:10305–10310

    Google Scholar 

  • MSPPC (2010) Informe Comisión de Contaminates del Agua. In: Ministerio de Salud Pública de la Pcia del Chaco A (ed), p 14

    Google Scholar 

  • Münch C (2011) Schädigung einer Population des Wiedehopfes (Upupa epops) im nördlichen Ortenaukreis durch Mesurol-Schneckenkorn. Naturschutz am südlichen Oberrhein 6:50–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Muth F, Leonard AS (2019) A neonicotinoid pesticide impairs foraging, but not learning, in free-flying bumblebees. Sci Rep 9:4764

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niu YH, Li X, Wang HX, Liu YJ, Shi ZH, Wang L (2020) Soil erosion-related transport of neonicotinoids in new citrus orchards. Agric Ecosyst Environ 290:106776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NRC (1987) Regulating pesticides in food. The Delaney paradox. In: Innovation. NRCUCoSaRIUPUPaA (ed) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218045/. Accessed 02 Nov 2019, Washington, DC

  • Obermüller E (2015) Fürchten wir uns vor den falschen Dingen? science.orf.at, sciencev2.orf.at/stories/1764654/index.html. Accessed 02 Nov 2019

  • OECD (2004) Guidelines for testing of chemicals. 222: earthworm reproduction test (Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Ökotest (2017) Alles andere als rosig. Rosensträuße. Öko-Test 5/2017:127–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Oppong M (2014) Verdeckte PR in Wikipedia. Das Weltwissen im Visier von Unternehmen. In: OBS-Arbeitsheft 76. Eine Studie der Otto Brenner Stiftung, Frankfurt/Main

    Google Scholar 

  • Oreskes N, Conway EM (2010) Merchants of doubt. How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming. Bloomsbury Publishing, London

    Google Scholar 

  • ORF (2010) Unfruchtbarkeit durch Schadstoffbelastung? science.orf.at, sciencev1.orf.at/science/news/44726. Accessed 02 Nov 2017

  • ORF (2013) Imker schlugen “Schweigegeld” aus, orf.at/v2/stories/2182011/2181992/. Accessed 02 Nov 2019

  • ORF (2018) Glyphosat und Co. bedrohen Weinqualität, science.orf.at, science.orf.at/stories/2919820/. Accessed 24 Dec 2019

  • ORF (2019) Seeadler mit Carbofuran vergiftet, noe.orf.at, noe.orf.at/v2/news/stories/2972663/. Accessed 25 Dec 2019

  • PA (2015) Anfrage der Abgeordneten Wolfgang Pirklhuber, Freundinnen und Freunde an den Bundesminister für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft betreffend Wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse über auf Glyphosat basierende Herbizide. https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXV/J/J_06793/fnameorig_473461html. Accessed 10 Oct 2019

  • PAN Germany (2009) Pestizide und Gesundheitsgefahren. Daten und Fakten, Pesticide action network, www.pan-germany.org/download/Vergift_DE-110612_F.pdf, 16pp. Accessed 02 Nov 2019

  • PAN Germany (2013) Endokrine Wirkung von Pestiziden auf Landarbeiter, insbesondere auf Beschäftigte in Gewächshauskulturen und Gärtnereien, Pesticide action network, www.pan-germany.org/download/pan_studie_endokrine_pestizide_1303.pdf. Accessed 02 Nov 2017

  • PAN Germany (2019) Giftige Exporte. Die Ausfuhr hochgefährlicher Pestizide aus Deutschland in die Welt. Pestzide action network, Hamburg, 20pp. Accessed 23 Dec 2019

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne K, Andreotti G, Bell E, Blair A, Coble J, Alavanja M (2012) Determinants of high pesticide exposure events in the agricultural health cohort study from enrollment (1993-1997) through phase II (1999-2003). J Agric Safety Health 18:167–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PCP (2010) Reducing environmental cancer risk. What we can do now? President’s Cancer Panel, deainfo.nci.nih.gov/advisory/pcp/annualReports/pcp08-09rpt/PCP_Report_08-09_508.pdf, 278pp. Accessed 17 Oct 2017

  • Pelosi C, Joimel S, Makowski D (2013) Searching for a more sensitive earthworm species to be used in pesticide homologation tests – a meta-analysis. Chemosphere 90:895–900

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Lucas G, Vela N, Aatik AE, Navarro S (2018) Environmental risk of groundwater pollution by pesticide leaching through the soil profile. In: Larramendy M, Soloneski S (eds) Pesticides – use and misuse and their impact in the environment. IntechOpen. https://www.intechopen.com/books/pesticides-use-and-misuse-and-their-impact-in-the-environment/environmental-risk-of-groundwater-pollution-by-pesticide-leaching-through-the-soil-profile. Accessed 20 Oct 2019

  • Perry MJ et al (2016) Sperm aneuploidy in faroese men with lifetime exposure to dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p’-DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) pollutants. Environ Health Perspect 124:951–956

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pimentel D (1991) CRC handbook of pest management in agriculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Pimentel D (2005) Environmental and economic costs of the application of pesticides primarily in the United States. Environ Dev Sustain 7:229–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pimentel D et al (1991) Environmental and economic impacts of reducing US agricultural pesticide use. In: Pimentel D (ed) Handbook on pest management in agriculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 679–718

    Google Scholar 

  • Pimentel D et al (1993) Assessment of environmental and economic impacts of pesticide use. In: Pimentel D, Lehman H (eds) The pesticide question: environment, economics and ethics. Chapman & Hall, New York, NY, pp 47–84

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pisa LW et al (2015) Effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on non-target invertebrates. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:68–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pompa D (2016) The dangers of glyphosate: an interview with Dr. Stephanie Seneff, drpompa.com/additional-resources/health-tips/the-dangers-of-glyphosate-an-interview-with-dr-stephanie-seneff. Accessed 13 Oct 2017

  • Prosser D, Hart A (2005) Assessing potential exposure of birds to pesticide-treated seeds. Ecotoxicology 14:679–691

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • PSIRAM (2015) Glyphosat, die BOKU und der Regenwurm. http://blog.psiram.com/2015/09/glyphosat-die-boku-und-der-regenwurm/. Accessed 02 Nov 2019

  • Reljić S et al (2012) A case of a brown bear poisoning with carbofuran in Croatia. Ursus 23(86–90):85

    Google Scholar 

  • Relyea RA (2003a) How prey respond to combined predators: a review and an empirical test. Ecology 84:1827–1839

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Relyea RA (2003b) Predator cues and pesticides: a double dose of danger for amphibians. Ecol Appl 13:1515–1521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Relyea RA (2005) The lethal impact of roundup on aquatic and terrestrial amphibians. Ecol Appl 15:1118–1124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Relyea RA (2009) A cocktail of contaminants: how mixtures of pesticides at low concentrations affect aquatic communities. Oecologia 159:363–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Repetto R, Baliga SS (1996) Pesticides and the immune system: the public health risks. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Ríos JM et al (2019) Occurrence of organochlorine compounds in fish from freshwater environments of the central Andes, Argentina. Sci Tot Environ 693:133389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts JR, Reigart JR (2013) Recognition and management of pesticide poisonings, 6th edn. United States Environmental Protection Agency. http://www2.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety. Accessed 21 Dec 2019

  • Roberts JR, Karr CJ, Council On Environmental Health (2012) Pesticide exposure in children. Pediatrics 130:e1765–e1788

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robin M-M (2009) Mit Gift und Genen: Wie der Biotech-Konzern Monsanto unsere Welt verändert, 2nd edn, Deutsche Verlags Anstalt, München

    Google Scholar 

  • Robin M-M (2010) The World According to Monsanto: Pollution, Corruption, and the Control of the World’s Food Supply. The New Press, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Robin M-M (2014) Our daily poison. From pesticides to packaging, how chemicals have contaminated the food chain and are making us sick. The New Press, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Rocheleau CM, Romitti PA, Dennis LK (2009) Pesticides and hypospadias: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Urol 5:17–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rohr JR, Sesterhenn TM, Stieha C (2011) Will climate change reduce the effects of a pesticide on amphibians?: partitioning effects on exposure and susceptibility to contaminants. Glob Chang Biol 17:657–666

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roscher E, Juds V (2016) Belastung verschiedener Medien mit DDT. http://www.vis.bayern.de/ernaehrung/lebensmittelsicherheit/unerwuenschte_stoffe/ddt_vorkommen.htm. Accessed 02 Nov 2019

  • Rosenberg KV et al (2019) Decline of the North American avifauna. Science 366:120–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rundlöf M et al (2015) Seed coating with a neonicotinoid insecticide negatively affects wild bees. Nature 521:77–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryberg KR, Vecchia AV, Martin JD, Gilliom RJ (2010) Trends in pesticide concentrations in urban streams in the United States, 1992-2008, USGS Scientific Investigations Report, https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20105139. Accessed 17 Oct 2017

  • Sabatier P et al (2014) Long-term relationships among pesticide applications, mobility, and soil erosion in a vineyard watershed. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:15647–15652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samways MJ (2019a) Addressing global insect meltdown. Ecol Citizen 3:23–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Samways MJ (2019b) Insect conservation. A global synthesis. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Bayo F (2014) The trouble with neonicotinoids. Science 346:806–807

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Bayo F, Wyckhuys KAG (2019) Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: a review of its drivers. Biol Conserv 232:8–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sattelberger R (2001) Einsatz von Pflanzenschutzmitteln und Biozid-Produkten im Nicht-Land- und Forstwirtschaftlichen Bereich. Monographien Band 146. Umweltbundesamt Wien, 106pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Schinasi L, Leon ME (2014) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and occupational exposure to agricultural pesticide chemical groups and active ingredients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res 11:4449–4527

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz J, Hahn M, Brühl CA (2014) Agrochemicals in field margins – an experimental field study to assess the impacts of pesticides and fertilizers on a natural plant community. Agric Ecosyst Environ 193:60–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Séralini G-E et al (2012) RETRACTED: Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Food Chem Toxicol 50:4221–4231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Séralini G-E et al (2014) Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Environ Sci Eur 26:14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiva V (2010) India: Monsanto in India – a story of corruption, biopiracy, seed monopoly and farmers suicides. In: Shiva V, Barker D, Lockhart C (eds) The GMO emperor has no clothes: a global citizens report on the state of GMOs. Navdanya, New Delhi, pp 143–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiva V, Shiva M, Shiva V (2013) Poison in our foods: links between pesticides and diseases. Natraj Publishers, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Shore RF, Feber RE, Firbank LG, Fishwick SK, Macdonald DW, Norum U (1997) The impacts of molluscicide pellets on spring and autumn populations of wood mice Apodemus sylvaticus. Agric Ecosyst Environ 64:211–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silva V, Mol HGJ, Zomer P, Tienstra M, Ritsema CJ, Geissen V (2019) Pesticide residues in European agricultural soils – a hidden reality unfolded. Sci Tot Environ 653:1532–1545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon-Delso N et al (2015) Systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil): trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:5–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siviter H, Brown MJF, Leadbeater E (2018a) Sulfoxaflor exposure reduces bumblebee reproductive success. Nature 561:109–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siviter H, Koricheva J, Brown MJF, Leadbeater E (2018b) Quantifying the impact of pesticides on learning and memory in bees. J Appl Ecol 55:2812–2821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner MK, Haque CG-BM, Nilsson E, Bhandari R, McCarrey JR (2013) Environmentally induced transgenerational epigenetic reprogramming of primordial germ cells and the subsequent germ line. PLoS One 8:e66318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SE, Read DJ (2008) Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 3rd edn. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Socorro J, Durand A, Temime-Roussel B, Gligorovski S, Wortham H, Quivet E (2016) The persistence of pesticides in atmospheric particulate phase: an emerging air quality issue. Sci Rep 6:33456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparling D, Feller G (2009) Toxicity of two insecticides to California, USA, anurans and its relevance to declining amphibian populations. Environ Toxicol Chem 28:1696–1703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sparling DW, Fellers G (2007) Comparative toxicity of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion and their oxon derivatives to larval Rana boylii. Environ Pollut 147:535–539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stahlschmidt P, Brühl CA (2012) Bats at risk? Bat activity and insecticide residue analysis of food items in an apple orchard. Environ Toxicol Chem 31:1556–1563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stahlschmidt P, Hahn M, Brühl CA (2017) Nocturnal risks-high bat activity in the agricultural landscape indicates potential pesticide exposure. Front Environ Sci 5:62

    Google Scholar 

  • Steffen W et al (2015) Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. Science 347:736–746

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone WB, Gradoni PB (1985) Wildlife mortality related to the use of the pesticide diazinon. Northeast Environ Sci 4:30–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoner KA (2016) Current Pesticide Risk Assessment Protocols Do Not Adequately Address Differences between Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) and Bumble Bees (Bombus spp.). Front. Environ Sci 4:79

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoner KA, Eitzer BD (2012) Movement of soil-applied imidacloprid and thiamethoxam into nectar and pollen of squash (Cucurbita pepo). PLoS One 7:e39114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straub L et al (2016) Neonicotinoid insecticides can serve as inadvertent insect contraceptives. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 283:20160506

    Google Scholar 

  • Streissler C (2016) Krebserzeugende Arbeitsstoffe: Besserer Schutz. Wirtschaft & Umwelt 4/2016:22–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Stykel MG et al (2018) Nitration of microtubules blocks axonal mitochondrial transport in a human pluripotent stem cell model of Parkinson’s disease. FASEB J 32:5350–5364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun H (2018) Pesticide in the Mississippi River floodplain and its possible linkage to colon cancer risk in the US. Toxicol Environ Chem 100:794–814

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tappert L, Pokorny T, Hofferberth J, Ruther J (2017) Sublethal doses of imidacloprid disrupt sexual communication and host finding in a parasitoid wasp. Sci Rep 7:42756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thrupp LA (1991) Sterilization of workers form pesticide exposure: the causes and consequences of DBCP-induced damage in Costa Rica and beyond. Int J Health Serv 21:731–757

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Topping CJ, Elmeros M (2016) Modeling exposure of mammalian predators to anticoagulant rodenticides. Front Environ Sci 4:80. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2016.00080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tosi S, Nieh JC (2017) A common neonicotinoid pesticide, thiamethoxam, alters honey bee activity, motor functions, and movement to light. Sci Rep 7:15132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tscherrig T (2020) Schweiz exportiert gefährliche Pestizide. INFOsperber. https://www.infosperber.ch/Artikel/Umwelt/Pestizide-Schweiz-exportiert-gefahrliches-Nervengift. Accessed 26 Jan 2020

  • Tsvetkov N et al (2017) Chronic exposure to neonicotinoids reduces honey bee health near corn crops. Science 356:1395–1397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tu C et al (2011) Effects of fungicides and insecticides on feeding behavior and community dynamics of earthworms: Implications for casting control in turfgrass systems. Appl Soil Ecol 47:31–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UBA Berlin (2019) Pflanzenschutzmittelverwendung in der Landwirtschaft, www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/land-forstwirtschaft/landwirtschaft/pflanzenschutzmittelverwendung-in-der#textpart-1. Accessed 04 Oct 2019

  • UCS (2013) “Superweeds” resulting from Monsanto’s products overrun U.S. Farm Landscape. Union of Concerned Scientists, www.ucsusa.org/news/press_release/superweeds-overrun-farmlands-0384.html#.WKcKCxiX_MU. Accessed 17 Sept 2019

  • UCS (2017) Syngenta harassed the scientist who exposed risks of its herbicide atrazine, Union of Concerned Scientists, www.ucsusa.org/resources/syngenta-harassed-scientist-who-exposed-risks-its-herbicide-atrazine. Accessed 13 October 2019

  • UNEP (1980) The state of the environment: selected topics – 1980. United National Environment Program, Nairobi

    Google Scholar 

  • UNEP (2017) Overview report I: Worldwide initiatives to identify endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and potential EDCs. In. United Nations Environment Programme. The International Panel on Chemical Pollution (IPCP). https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/25633/EDC_report1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 02 Jan 2020

  • UNESCO (2015) The United Nations World Water Development Report 2015. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/images/WWDR2015Facts_Figures_ENG_web.pdf. Accessed 24 Jan 2020

  • UNHRC (2017) Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food, vol. A/HRC/34/48. United Nations Human Rights Council. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/017/85/PDF/G1701785.pdf?OpenElement, 24 Jan 2017, Accessed 29 Sept 2019

  • USGS (1996) Pesticides in ground water. current understanding of distribution and major influences. US Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-244-95:4pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dijk TC, Van Staalduinen MA, Van der Sluijs JP (2013) Macro-invertebrate decline in surface water polluted with imidacloprid. PLoS One 8:e62374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Hoesel W et al (2017) Single and combined effects of pesticide seed dressings and herbicides on earthworms, soil microorganisms, and litter decomposition. Front Plant Sci 8:215

    Google Scholar 

  • Vicaire Y (2019) There is only one way to protect children from the toxic pesticide chlorpyrifos: an EU-wide ban, www.env-health.org/there-is-only-one-way-to-protect-children-from-the-toxic-pesticide-chlorpyrifos-an-eu-wide-ban/. Accessed 02 Nov 2019

  • Vicaire Y, Lyssimachou A (2019) Chlorpyrifos residues in fruits. The case for a Europe-wide ban to protect consumers, www.env-health.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/June-2019-PAN-HEAL-Briefing-chlorpyrifos_web.pdf. Accessed 02 Jan 2020

  • Villa S, Vighi M, Maggi V, Finizio A, Bolzacchini E (2003) Historical trends of organochlorine pesticides in an alpine glacier. J Atmos Chem 46:295–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vonesh J, Kraus J (2009) Pesticide alters habitat selection and aquatic community composition. Oecologia 160:379–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wadhams N (2010) Lions, Hyena killed with poisoned meat. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/4/100412-lions-poisoned-furadan-kenya/. Accessed 27 Dec 2019

  • Wang X, Gong P, Wang C, Ren J, Yao T (2016) A review of current knowledge and future prospects regarding persistent organic pollutants over the Tibetan Plateau. Sci Tot Environ 573:139–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward EM (2018) Glyphosate use and cancer incidence in the agricultural health study: an epidemiologic perspective. J Natl Cancer Inst 110:446–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wardle DA, Nicholson KS, Rahman A (1994) Influence of herbicide applications on the decomposition, microbial biomass, and microbial activity of pasture shoot and root litter. NZ J Agric Res 37:29–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White DH, Mitchell CA, Wynn LD, Flickinger EL, Kolbe EJ (1982) Organophosphate insecticide poisoning of Canada geese in the Texas Panhandle. J Field Ornithol 53:22–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehorn PR, O’Connor S, Wäckers FL, Goulson D (2012) Neonicotinoid pesticide reduces bumble bee colony growth and queen production. Science 336:351–352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitford F et al. (2012) Farm family exposure to pesticides. A discussion with farm families. Purdue extension PPP-72, Purdue University, www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/PPP/PPP-72.pdf. Accessed 02 Nov 2019

  • WHO (1992) Our planet, our health. Report of WHO Commission on Health and Environment. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/37933. World Health Organization, Geneva, 51pp. Accessed 02 Nov 2019

  • WHO (2012) Possible developmental early effects of endocrine disrupters on child health. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/75342/9789241503761_eng.pdf;jsessionid=1A5F3DBA6BD8AB9D6CC4D8D87B3761F4?sequence=1. Accessed 03 Jan 2020

  • Willer H, Lernoud J (eds) (2019) The world of organic agriculture. Statistics and emerging trends 2019. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL). IFOAM – Organics International, Frick, Switzerland and Bonn, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodcock BA et al (2017) Country-specific effects of neonicotinoid pesticides on honey bees and wild bees. Science 356:1393–1395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaller JG, Heigl F, Ruess L, Grabmaier A (2014a) Glyphosate herbicide affects belowground interactions between earthworms and symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi in a model ecosystem. Sci Rep 4:5634

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaller JG et al (2014b) Future rainfall variations reduce abundances of aboveground arthropods in model agroecosystems with different soil types. Front Environ Sci 2:44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaller JG et al (2016) Pesticide seed dressings can affect the activity of various soil organisms and reduce decomposition of plant material. BMC Ecol 16:37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-12016-10092-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaller JG et al (2018) Herbicides in vineyards reduce grapevine root mycorrhization and alter soil microorganisms and the nutrient composition in grapevine roots, leaves, xylem sap and grape juice. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:23215–23226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeljezic D, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Perkovic P (2006) Evaluation of DNA damage induced by atrazine and atrazine-based herbicide in human lymphocytes in vitro using a comet and DNA diffusion assay. Toxicol In Vitro 20:923–935

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Rana I, Shaffer RM, Taioli E, Sheppard L (2019) Exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides and risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a meta-analysis and supporting evidence. Mutat Res/Rev Mutat Res 781:186–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Johann G. Zaller

Authors
  1. Johann G. Zaller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Zaller, J.G. (2020). Pesticide Impacts on the Environment and Humans. In: Daily Poison . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50530-1_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation