Skip to main content

Parotidectomy Defect and Facial Nerve Reconstruction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Principles of Lateral Craniofacial Reconstruction

Abstract

Parotidectomy defect reconstruction requires an understanding of facial form and function. The main goals for the reconstructive surgeon include restoring facial contour and symmetry with stable tissue volumes, avoiding Frey’s syndrome, ensuring adequate skin coverage, and providing reconstruction of the facial nerve functional deficit. There are many reconstructive options available, and here we discuss strategies for addressing defects created by the superficial parotidectomy, total parotidectomy, and radical parotidectomy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ADM:

Acellular dermal matrix

ALT:

Anterolateral thigh

RF:

Radial forearm

SAI:

Supraclavicular artery island

SIF:

Submental island flap

SMAS:

Superficial muscular aponeurotic system

References

  1. Lu GN, et al. Analysis of facial reanimation procedures performed concurrently with total parotidectomy and facial nerve sacrifice. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2019;21(1):50–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Fiacchini G, et al. Frey syndrome, first bite syndrome, great auricular nerve morbidity, and quality of life following parotidectomy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;275(7):1893–902.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Nitzan D, et al. Quality of life following parotidectomy for malignant and benign disease. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114(5):1060–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Frey L. Le syndrome du nerf auriculo-temporal. Rev Neurol. 1923;2:97–104.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ghanem T. Parotid defects. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2009;17(2):263–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Govindaraj S, et al. The use of acellular dermis in the prevention of Frey's syndrome. Laryngoscope. 2001;111(11 Pt 1):1993–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lee CC, Chan RC, Chan JY. Predictors for Frey syndrome development after parotidectomy. Ann Plast Surg. 2017;79(1):39–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Manola M, et al. The effectiveness of sternocleidomastoid flap versus superficial musculoaponeurotic system flap for the prevention of Frey syndrome and facial depressed deformity in parotid surgery for pleomorphic adenoma. Ann Plast Surg. 2018;80(2):125–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Motz KM, Kim YJ. Auriculotemporal syndrome (Frey syndrome). Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2016;49(2):501–9.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Conger BT, Gourin CG. Free abdominal fat transfer for reconstruction of the total parotidectomy defect. Laryngoscope. 2008;118(7):1186–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Vico PG, Delange A, De Vooght A. Autologous fat transfer: an aesthetic and functional refinement for parotidectomy. Surg Res Pract. 2014;2014:873453.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Loyo M, Gourin CG. Free abdominal fat transfer for partial and total parotidectomy defect reconstruction. Laryngoscope. 2016;126(12):2694–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Honeybrook A, et al. Free dermal fat graft reconstruction of the head and neck: an alternate reconstructive option. Am J Otolaryngol. 2017;38(3):291–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Fasolis M, et al. Dermofat graft after superficial parotidectomy to prevent Frey syndrome and depressed deformity. J Craniofac Surg. 2013;24(4):1260–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Harada T, et al. Dermis-fat graft after parotidectomy to prevent Frey's syndrome and the concave deformity. Ann Plast Surg. 1993;31(5):450–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Nosan DK, Ochi JW, Davidson TM. Preservation of facial contour during parotidectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;104(3):293–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Curry JM, et al. Superficial musculoaponeurotic system elevation and fat graft reconstruction after superficial parotidectomy. Laryngoscope. 2008;118(2):210–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Sinha UK, et al. Use of AlloDerm implant to prevent Frey syndrome after parotidectomy. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2003;5(1):109–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Zeng XT, et al. AlloDerm implants for prevention of Frey syndrome after parotidectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Med Rep. 2012;5(4):974–80.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Wang S, et al. Effects of free fat grafting on the prevention of Frey’s syndrome and facial depression after parotidectomy: a prospective randomized trial. Laryngoscope. 2016;126(4):815–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Jost G, Legent F, Baupelot S. Filling of residual depressions after parotidectomy by a sterno-cleido-mastoid strip. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac. 1968;85(4):357–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ariyan S. One-stage reconstruction for defects of the mouth using a sternomastoid myocutaneous flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1979;63(5):618–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Irvine LE, Larian B, Azizzadeh B. Locoregional parotid reconstruction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2016;49(2):435–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fee WE, Tran LE. Functional outcome after total parotidectomy reconstruction. Laryngoscope. 2004;114(2):223–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Casler JD, Conley J. Sternocleidomastoid muscle transfer and superficial musculoaponeurotic system plication in the prevention of Frey's syndrome. Laryngoscope. 1991;101(1 Pt 1):95–100.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sanabria A, et al. Sternocleidomastoid muscle flap in preventing Frey's syndrome after parotidectomy: a systematic review. Head Neck. 2012;34(4):589–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Alvarez GE, Escamilla JT, Carranza A. The split sternocleidomastoid myocutaneous flap. Br J Plast Surg. 1983;36(2):183–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Naunheim M, Seth R, Knott PD. Sternocleidomastoid contour restoration: an added benefit of the anterolateral thigh free flap during facial reconstruction. Am J Otolaryngol. 2016;37(2):139–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kerawala CJ, McAloney N, Stassen LF. Prospective randomised trial of the benefits of a sternocleidomastoid flap after superficial parotidectomy. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;40(6):468–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Zhao HW, et al. Preventing post-surgical complications by modification of parotidectomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;37(4):345–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Allison GR, Rappaport I. Prevention of Frey's syndrome with superficial musculoaponeurotic system interposition. Am J Surg. 1993;166(4):407–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Barberá R, et al. Superficial musculoaponeurotic system flap in partial parotidectomy and clinical and subclinical Frey's syndrome. Cosmesis and quality of life. Head Neck. 2014;36(1):130–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Dulguerov N, Makni A, Dulguerov P. The superficial musculoaponeurotic system flap in the prevention of Frey syndrome: a meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2016;126(7):1581–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Dell'aversana Orabona G, et al. Reconstructive techniques of the parotid region. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25(3):998–1002.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ahmed OA, Kolhe PS. Prevention of Frey's syndrome and volume deficit after parotidectomy using the superficial temporal artery fascial flap. Br J Plast Surg. 1999;52(4):256–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kazanjian VH, Converse JM. The surgical treatment of facial injuries. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1949. xiv, 574 p.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Pallua N, et al. The fasciocutaneous supraclavicular artery island flap for releasing postburn mentosternal contractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99(7):1878–84; discussion 1885–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Emerick KS, et al. Supraclavicular artery island flap for reconstruction of complex parotidectomy, lateral skull base, and total auriculectomy defects. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;140(9):861–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kokot N, et al. Use of the supraclavicular artery island flap for reconstruction of cervicofacial defects. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;150(2):222–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Martin D, et al. The submental island flap: a new donor site. Anatomy and clinical applications as a free or pedicled flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;92(5):867–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Moubayed SP, Rahal A, Ayad T. The submental island flap for soft-tissue head and neck reconstruction: step-by-step video description and long-term results. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2014;133(3):684–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Barton BM, et al. The submental island flap is a viable reconstructive option for a variety of head and neck ablative defects. Ochsner J. 2018;18(1):53–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Bayon R, Davis AB. Submental flap for soft tissue reconstruction following radical parotidectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;160(6):1130–2. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599819827822.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Patel AV, et al. Submental artery island flap versus free flap reconstruction of lateral facial soft tissue and parotidectomy defects: comparison of outcomes and patient factors. Oral Oncol. 2018;78:194–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Baker DC, Shaw WW, Conley J. Reconstruction of radical parotidectomy defects. Am J Surg. 1979;138(4):550–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Wells JH, Edgerton MT. Correction of severe hemifacial atrophy with a free dermis-flat from the lower abdomen. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1977;59(2):223–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Cannady SB, et al. Total parotidectomy defect reconstruction using the buried free flap. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;143(5):637–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Revenaugh PC, et al. Minimizing morbidity in microvascular surgery: small-caliber anastomotic vessels and minimal access approaches. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2015;17(1):44–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Rosenthal EL, et al. Evolution of a paradigm for free tissue transfer reconstruction of lateral temporal bone defects. Head Neck. 2008;30(5):589–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Knott PD, et al. Short-term donor site morbidity: a comparison of the anterolateral thigh and radial forearm fasciocutaneous free flaps. Head Neck. 2016;38(Suppl 1):E945–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Fritz MA, Rolfes BN. Microvascular reconstruction of the parotidectomy defect. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2016;49(2):447–57.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Hanasono MM, Skoracki RJ, Yu P. A prospective study of donor-site morbidity after anterolateral thigh fasciocutaneous and myocutaneous free flap harvest in 220 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;125(1):209–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Collins J, Ayeni O, Thoma A. A systematic review of anterolateral thigh flap donor site morbidity. Can J Plast Surg. 2012;20(1):17–23.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Cigna E, et al. An experience on primary thinning and secondary debulking of anterolateral thigh flap in head and neck reconstruction. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012;16(8):1095–101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Seth R, et al. Volume-directed facial soft tissue deficit reconstruction. Facial Plast Surg. 2010;26(6):494–503.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Elliott RM, et al. Reconstruction of complex total parotidectomy defects using the free anterolateral thigh flap: a classification system and algorithm. Ann Plast Surg. 2011;66(5):429–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Urken ML, et al. The neurofasciocutaneous radial forearm flap in head and neck reconstruction: a preliminary report. Laryngoscope. 1990;100(2 Pt 1):161–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Lin AC, Lin DT. Reconstruction of lateral skull base defects with radial forearm free flaps: the double-layer technique. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2015;76(4):257–61.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Thompson NJ, et al. Reconstruction outcomes following lateral skull base resection. Otol Neurotol. 2017;38(2):264–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Bertelsen C, Liu C, Kokot N. Reconstruction of parotidectomy and lateral skull base defects. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;25(5):431–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Wax MK, et al. The role of free tissue transfer in the reconstruction of massive neglected skin cancers of the head and neck. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2003;5(6):479.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Theriault C, Fitzpatrick PJ. Malignant parotid tumors. Prognostic factors and optimum treatment. Am J Clin Oncol. 1986;9(6):510–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Owusu JA, Truong L, Kim JC. Facial nerve reconstruction with concurrent masseteric nerve transfer and cable grafting. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2016;18(5):335–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Hontanilla B, Qiu SS, Marre D. Effect of postoperative brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy on functional outcomes of immediate facial nerve repair after radical parotidectomy. Head Neck. 2014;36(1):113–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Reddy PG, Arden RL, Mathog RH. Facial nerve rehabilitation after radical parotidectomy. Laryngoscope. 1999;109(6):894–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Wax MK, Kaylie DM. Does a positive neural margin affect outcome in facial nerve grafting? Head Neck. 2007;29(6):546–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Humphrey CD, Kriet JD. Nerve repair and cable grafting for facial paralysis. Facial Plast Surg. 2008;24(2):170–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kim J. Neural reanimation advances and new technologies. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2016;24(1):71–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Spector JG, et al. Facial nerve regeneration through autologous nerve grafts: a clinical and experimental study. Laryngoscope. 1991;101(5):537–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Gardetto A, et al. Direct coaptation of extensive facial nerve defects after removal of the superficial part of the parotid gland: an anatomic study. Head Neck. 2002;24(12):1047–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Yarbrough WG, Brownlee RE, Pillsbury HC. Primary anastomosis of extensive facial nerve defects: an anatomic study. Am J Otol. 1993;14(3):238–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Conley JJ. Facial nerve grafting in treatment of parotid gland tumors; new technique. AMA Arch Surg. 1955;70(3):359–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Millesi H. Nerve grafting. Clin Plast Surg. 1984;11(1):105–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Lee MC, et al. Functional outcomes of multiple sural nerve grafts for facial nerve defects after tumor-ablative surgery. Arch Plast Surg. 2015;42(4):461–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Nichols CM, et al. Effects of motor versus sensory nerve grafts on peripheral nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol. 2004;190(2):347–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Moradzadeh A, et al. The impact of motor and sensory nerve architecture on nerve regeneration. Exp Neurol. 2008;212(2):370–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Revenaugh PC, et al. Motor nerve to the vastus lateralis. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2012;14(5):365–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Stennert E. I. Hypoglossal facial anastomosis: its significance for modern facial surgery. II. Combined approach in extratemporal facial nerve reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg. 1979;6(3):471–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Manni JJ, et al. Reanimation of the paralyzed face by indirect hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis. Am J Surg. 2001;182(3):268–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Volk GF, et al. Reconstruction of complex peripheral facial nerve defects by a combined approach using facial nerve interpositional graft and hypoglossal-facial jump nerve suture. Laryngoscope. 2011;121(11):2402–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Spira M. Anastomosis of masseteric nerve to lower division of facial nerve for correction of lower facial paralysis. Preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1978;61(3):330–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Klebuc M. The evolving role of the masseter-to-facial (V-VII) nerve transfer for rehabilitation of the paralyzed face. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2015;60(5):436–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Fournier HD, et al. An anatomical study of the motor distribution of the mandibular nerve for a masseteric-facial anastomosis to restore facial function. Surg Radiol Anat. 1997;19(4):241–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Collar RM, Byrne PJ, Boahene KD. The subzygomatic triangle: rapid, minimally invasive identification of the masseteric nerve for facial reanimation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;132(1):183–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Coombs CJ, et al. Masseteric-facial nerve coaptation--an alternative technique for facial nerve reinnervation. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2009;62(12):1580–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Murphey AW, Clinkscales WB, Oyer SL. Masseteric nerve transfer for facial nerve paralysis. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2018;20(2):104.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Klebuc MJ. Facial reanimation using the masseter-to-facial nerve transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011;127(5):1909–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. McLaughlin CR. Surgical support in permanent facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg (1946). 1953;11(4):302–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Owusu Boahene KD. Temporalis muscle tendon unit transfer for smile restoration after facial paralysis. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2016;24(1):37–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Burkhalter WE. Early tendon transfer in upper extremity peripheral nerve injury. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974;104:68–79.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Ciolek PJ, Prendes BL, Fritz MA. Comprehensive approach to reestablishing form and function after radical parotidectomy. Am J Otolaryngol. 2018;39(5):542–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Fritz M, Rolfes BN. Management of facial paralysis due to extracranial tumors. Facial Plast Surg. 2015;31(2):110–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Boahene KD. Principles and biomechanics of muscle tendon unit transfer: application in temporalis muscle tendon transposition for smile improvement in facial paralysis. Laryngoscope. 2013;123(2):350–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Boahene KD, et al. Minimally invasive temporalis tendon transposition. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2011;13(1):8–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Boahene KD, Ishii LE, Byrne PJ. In vivo excursion of the temporalis muscle-tendon unit using electrical stimulation: application in the design of smile restoration surgery following facial paralysis. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2014;16(1):15–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Coulson SE, et al. Physiotherapy rehabilitation of the smile after long-term facial nerve palsy using video self-modeling and implementation intentions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134(1):48–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Lambert-Prou MP. [The temporal smile. Speech therapy for facial palsy patients after temporal lengthening myoplasty]. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac 2003;104(5):274–80.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Winslow CP, Wang TD, Wax MK. Static reanimation of the paralyzed face with an acellular dermal allograft sling. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2001;3(1):55–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Langille M, Singh P. Static facial slings: approaches to rehabilitation of the paralyzed face. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2016;24(1):29–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Rose EH. Autogenous fascia lata grafts: clinical applications in reanimation of the totally or partially paralyzed face. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116(1):20–32; discussion 33–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Konior RJ. Facial paralysis reconstruction with Gore-Tex soft-tissue patch. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118(11):1188–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Alam D. Rehabilitation of long-standing facial nerve paralysis with percutaneous suture-based slings. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2007;9(3):205–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Alam DS, et al. Sternohyoid flap for facial reanimation: a comprehensive preclinical evaluation of a novel technique. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2013;15(4):305–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Manktelow RT. Free muscle transplantation for facial paralysis. Clin Plast Surg. 1984;11(1):215–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rahul Seth .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

David, A.P., Knott, P.D., Seth, R. (2021). Parotidectomy Defect and Facial Nerve Reconstruction. In: Wang, S., Fung, K. (eds) Principles of Lateral Craniofacial Reconstruction. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50291-1_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50291-1_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-50290-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-50291-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics