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The Pan-African Nonmetallic Mineral Deposits of Egypt: Genetic and Exploration Constraints

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The Geology of the Egyptian Nubian Shield

Part of the book series: Regional Geology Reviews ((RGR))

Abstract

Nonmetallic mineral deposits known to occur in Egypt include gemstones (e.g., emerald and peridot), baryte, fluorite, graphite, talc, corundum, vermiculite, asbestos, magnesite, marble, alabaster, phosphate, and some ornamental and building stones. The majority of these minerals have been exploited since the time of the Pharaohs ~2500 BC. The nonmetallic mineral deposits of the country can be categorized into four groups with varying geotectonic environments: (1) mineralization associated with mafic-ultramafic assemblages (e.g., emerald, talc, magnesite, corundum, vermiculite, and peridot), (2) those associated with post-orogenic granitic intrusions and related pegmatites (e.g., fluorite and baryte), (3) mineral deposits in the metamorphic association, (e.g., graphite and green beryl-bearing abyssal pegmatites, Southeast Sinai), and (4) deposits of sedimentary nature (e.g., phosphorites, sulfur, coal, alabaster, and turquoise). The present review focuses mainly on those associated with the Pan-African basement complex, i.e., the former three types. A suite of the so-called blackwall hybrid metasomatic zones is developed at the contact between the leucogranites and related pegmatite aureoles and ultramafic rocks. These zones include anthophyllite, actinolite-phlogopite and vermiculite-bearing zones in the ultramafic host, and emerald, and corundum-bearing zones close to the leucogranites and pegmatite veins. The leucogranites and related emerald deposits are typically confined to the NW-SE trending Nugrus Shear Zone, whereas the corundum-vermiculite association is spatially related to the nearby-Hafafit domal complex. The alteration halos (i.e., blackwall zones) are consistently composed of successive zones of tourmalinized (B-metasomatized, closest to the leucogranite exocontact), phlogopitized (K-metasomatized), tremolitized (Mg, Ca-metasomatized), and distal talc-carbonated (CO2-metasomatized) wallrocks. It is suggested that emerald formed as the result of the interaction of mixed fluids with the ultramafic fragments imbricated in the biotite schists. The interacting fluids were dominantly magmatic (rich in Al, Na, K, B, Be) derived from the leucogranite and related pegmatite, and metamorphic (CO2 and CH4-rich), derived from the country schist rocks where the solutions are saline (8–22 wt% NaCl equiv.) and the reactions proceeded in the temperature range 260–382 °C. On the other hand, corundum is inferred to have developed via bimetasomatic processes, i.e., desicification of the pegmatite veins and dehydration of the serpentinized ultramafic rocks. The talc deposits of the Eastern Desert, Egypt, formed as a product of retrograde metamorphism by hydrothermal alteration of Mg-rich rocks, especially ultramafic and basic volcanics. Talc associated mafic-ultramafic assemblages of ophiolite sequences are located in the Barramiya, Um Salatite, Atalla, Wadi Al Allaqi, and Abu Dahr areas. Basic volcanic rocks hosting talc deposits are located in the Um Samuki, Atshan, Darhib, Selimat, and Egat areas. Magnesite occurs in the Khor Um El Abas, Segia, G. El Mayiet, and Wadi Eikwan areas. Magnesite is formed by stabilizing CO2 released during hydrothermal alteration process. Graphite mineralization in the Wadi Himur-Wadi Sikait-Wadi Biam area is of the vein or lump type and occurs as massive lenses and veins. Three different styles of graphite deposits are classified based on the morphology of the contained graphite: vein, flake, and amorphous. In the Pan-African belt of Egypt, fluorite mineralization is associated with post-orogenic, geochemically specialized granitoids which were subjected to auto-metasomatic, post-magmatic alteration processes (i.e., the so-called apogranites). The baryte mineralization is frequently confined to garnetiferous muscovite granites and alkali syenites in the northern and southern parts of the G. El Hudi, Wadi El Shoum, and Wadi El Arab areas and Wadi El Nom.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Prof. Dr. Hany Shalaby and Dr. Bahaa M. Emad of the Nuclear Materials Authority for their help during the work and available facilities. We are indebted for the valuable comments exerted by the three anonymous referees and the editorial board for their critical and valuable comments that they have given to the manuscript.

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  1. Geology Department, Nuclear Materials Authority, P. O. Box 530, El-Maadi, Kattamiya, New Cairo, Egypt

    Hamdy M. Abdalla & Gehad M. Saleh

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Correspondence to Hamdy M. Abdalla or Gehad M. Saleh .

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  1. Department of Geology, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

    Zakaria Hamimi

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan

    Shoji Arai

  3. Geology Department, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

    Abdel-Rahman Fowler

  4. Geology Department, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt

    Mohammed Z. El-Bialy

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Abdalla, H.M., Saleh, G.M. (2021). The Pan-African Nonmetallic Mineral Deposits of Egypt: Genetic and Exploration Constraints. In: Hamimi, Z., Arai, S., Fowler, AR., El-Bialy, M.Z. (eds) The Geology of the Egyptian Nubian Shield. Regional Geology Reviews. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49771-2_22

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