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Mapping Cross-Cultural Exchange: Jaime Cortesão’s Dialogues and Documents on the Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Brazilian Exploration

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Decolonising and Internationalising Geography

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Abstract

This chapter aims to explore Jaime Cortesão’s textual and visual narratives about indigenous knowledge. Although many scholars investigated Cortesão’s production during his exile in Brazil (1940–1957), little attention has been given to study how he investigated the role of indigenous knowledge in territorial exploration and mapping. To address this topic, I will identify debates and documents explored by Cortesão to approach indigenous maps. The chapter is divided into two sections. First, I will explore Cortesão’s dialogues, considering how academic debates and references encouraged him to study indigenous people’s spatial knowledge. Then, I will stress some textual and visual documents selected by Cortesão to discuss indigenous maps as a specific category. In addition to explorer’s narratives, Cortesão presented a group of maps from 1721 to 1724, discovered by him at the National Library of Rio de Janeiro and classified as bandeirantes due to its indigenous influence. By identifying Cortesão’s dialogues and documents, my primary intention here is to discuss his comments on indigenous mapping in the light of postcolonial and decolonial approaches to understanding exploration maps as co-produced and hybrid artefacts.

Résumé

Ce chapitre vise à explorer les discours textuels et visuels de Jaime Cortesão sur les savoirs autochtones. Bien que de nombreux chercheurs aient étudié la production de Cortesão au cours de son exil au Brésil (1940–1957), ses travaux sur le rôle des connaissances autochtones dans l’exploration et la cartographie ont été moins pris en compte. Afin d’aborder ce sujet, je vais identifier les débats et les documents explorés par Cortesão pour traiter des cartes indigènes. Le chapitre est divisé en deux parties. Dans un premier temps, je vais explorer les dialogues de Cortesão, en examinant comment les débats universitaires et les références l’encouragent à étudier les connaissances spatiales des peuples autochtones. Ensuite, je soulignerai certains documents textuels et visuels sélectionnés par Cortesão pour discuter des cartes indigènes en tant que catégorie spécifique. En plus des récits de l’explorateur, Cortesão a présenté un groupe de cartes de 1721 et 1724, fondé par lui à la Bibliothèque nationale de Rio de Janeiro et classé comme bandeirantes en raison de son influence indigène. En identifiant les dialogues et les documents de Cortesão, mon intention principale ici est de discuter de ses commentaires sur la cartographie indigène à la lumière des approches postcoloniales et décoloniales pour comprendre les cartes d’exploration en tant qu’artefacts coproduits et hybrides.

Resumen

Este capítulo tiene como objetivo explorar las narraciones textuales y visuales de Jaime Cortesão sobre el conocimiento indígena. Aunque muchos académicos investigaron la producción de Cortesão durante su exilio en Brasil (1940–1957), se ha prestado menos atención a sus estudios sobre el papel del conocimiento indígena en la exploración y mapeo territorial. Para abordar este tema, identificaré debates y documentos explorados por Cortesão para abordar mapas indígenas. El capítulo está dividido en dos secciones. Primero, exploraré los diálogos de Cortesão, considerando cómo los debates académicos y las referencias lo alentaron a estudiar el conocimiento espacial de los pueblos indígenas. Luego, destacaré algunos documentos textuales y visuales seleccionados por Cortesão para discutir los mapas indígenas como una categoría específica. Además de las narraciones de los exploradores, Cortesão presentó un grupo de mapas de 1721 y 1724, encontrados por él en la Biblioteca Nacional de Río de Janeiro y clasificado como bandeirantes debido a su influencia indígena. Al identificar los diálogos y documentos de Cortesão, mi intención principal es discutir sus comentarios sobre el mapeo indígena a la luz de los enfoques poscoloniales y decoloniales para entender los mapas de exploración como artefactos coproducidos e híbridos.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The difference between bandeirantes and sertanistas is understood in this chapter as a symbolic construction that influenced many historical narratives about the exploration of Brazilian territory. Jaime Cortesão stated that bandeirantes were “sertanistas from São Paulo”, “shaped by the lifestyle of the bandeirismo” (Cortesão 2009: 231). The sertanistas were “Luso-Brazilians from other captaincies”, official servants who map the territory attending state demands. This differentiation was crucial in Cortesão’s argument and, as I will argue in this chapter, it must be understood through the author’s relationship with São Paulo’s elites and their use of bandeirismo as a local identity symbol.

  2. 2.

    Jaime Cortesão was exiled from Portugal after his actions against the 28th May 1926 coup that brought military rule to Portugal for a period of 48 years. Cortesão was part of an important group of writers with republican, socialist and democrat orientation connected to the journal Seara Nova (dos Santos 1993). In order to confront the new government of Portugal the group tried to initiate a revolutionary process in the city of Porto in 3rd February 1927, but the attempt failed and Jaime Cortesão escaped to Spain. From that moment on, Cortesão and his family transited into many places. The outbreak of the Spanish war drove them to Barcelona and later to France. The advance of the German Nazis over France pushed them to Biarritz and along with other colleagues they returned to Portugal to escape the war (Saraiva 1953: 52). On 20th October 1940, after four months in Portugal, Cortesão leaved Europe to Brazil, arriving in Rio de Janeiro with his family aboard the S/S Angola in late 1940.

  3. 3.

    The Fourth Centenary of São Paulo was celebrated with a series of events in 1954. The exhibition organized by Jaime Cortesão was opened to the public on September 14th 1954 in a new display space called Oca located at the Ibirapuera Park (Ribeiro 2018).

  4. 4.

    Commenting on the networks that allowed Cortesão to be well accepted among intellectual elites from São Paulo, Ribeiro (2018:101) highlights the role of the Portuguese scholar João Sarmento Pimentel, who was based in São Paulo and helped to organize the first Cortesão’s lecture in the city (Pimentel 1952).

  5. 5.

    As Ribeiro (2018) pointed out, Taunay’s influence on Cortesão could be studied by the letters exchanged among them. The São Paulo Museum director provided important information and references to Cortesão and also sent him a copy of his book on bandeirantes in 1949. See Taunay (1949) Correspondência a Jaime Cortesão, 4th August. 1949. BNP/ACPC. E25/1067, Portugal National Library.

  6. 6.

    Document available at the Portugal National Library. Cortesão et al. (1954/55) Introdução. Document Op. cit. Section 4: Bandeiras e Bandeirantes. Espólio Jaime Cortesão. Arquivo de Cultura Portuguesa Contemporânea. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal.

  7. 7.

    Bernardo Loureiro Marques (1898–1962) was a Portuguese painter, illustrator, and graphic artist. He participated in the art renewal movement in the first decades of the twentieth century. In 1954 he collaborated in Jaime Cortesão’s exhibition.

  8. 8.

    The main documents consulted at the National Library of Portugal were the exhibition plan, written by Jaime Cortesão (Cortesão et al. (1954/55), BNP E25 Cx.64) and some photographs of the panels, mainly the photography of the panel 47 (BNP/ACPC E25/1506).

  9. 9.

    Document available at the Portugal National Library. Cortesão (1944): A Cartografia antiga e os fundamentos geográficos e pré-históricos do Brasil. Conferência. Datil, 33 f. Rio de Janeiro, 12 set. BNP/ACPC E25/38. Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal.

  10. 10.

    The article entitled “Indian Compass and Live Map" [Indio: bússola e Mapa Vivo] was published by Jaime Cortesão in different Brazilian newspapers in October 1947. A Manhã published the text on 19 October 1947 and O Estado de São Paulo on 21 October 1947.

  11. 11.

    Cortesão was also influenced by studies on indigenous agency in exploration carried out by Brazilian historians during the twentieth century, such as Sérgio Buarque de Holanda (Oliveira 2013). In addition, as Monteiro (2001) demonstrated, debates about the indigenous role in Brazilian identity and territorial formation were intense throughout the nineteenth century in institutions such as the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute [Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro]. Although very relevant, these dialogues and influences are not scrutinized in this chapter.

  12. 12.

    Ary Queirós Duarte (1905–1976) was a painter, engraver, and cartographer who collaborated with the elaboration of didactic cartograms for Cortesão’s courses (Oliveira 2015).

  13. 13.

    Monteiro (2001) draws attention to a Latin American and Latin Americanist historiography that, since the 1960s, sought to document and interpret the experience of native populations during colonization. Authors such as Leon-Portilla (1961) and Gibson (1964) explored chronicles of explorers as well as native documents such as manuscripts, testimonies, criminal investigations, and pictorial representations.

  14. 14.

    Cortesão was recognized and accepted by São Paulo’s intellectual elites, but he also faced resistance due to his conciliatory and Portuguese narratives. Discussing the historiography of Brazilian colonization, Reis (2007) identifies two groups, the authors who “rediscovered Brazil” as Capistrano de Abreu and Sérgio Buarque de Holanda and the authors who praised Portuguese action, such as Varnhagen and Gilberto Freyre. Cortesão sought to reconcile these perspectives, but was questioned for highlighting an intentional Portuguese action over Brazilian territory. Sergio Buarque de Holanda, for instance, wrote articles in the newspaper Folha da Manhã challenging Cortesão’s thesis about the Portuguese explicit geographical state reasoning (Ribeiro 2018: 94).

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Reyes Novaes, A. (2020). Mapping Cross-Cultural Exchange: Jaime Cortesão’s Dialogues and Documents on the Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Brazilian Exploration. In: Schelhaas, B., Ferretti, F., Reyes Novaes, A., Schmidt di Friedberg, M. (eds) Decolonising and Internationalising Geography. Historical Geography and Geosciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49516-9_1

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