Abstract
This chapter explores how animals in entertainment have been depicted in WDAS films. Part I explores the common objections towards using animals for entertainment. Part II documents the number of times animal performance has been depicted in WDAS films. Part III begins by outlining the history of zoos and circuses. Then, this section focuses on how WDAS has depicted these locations, particularly with Dumbo (Directed by Armstrong, S. et al. [Film]. California: Walt Disney Productions, 1941). Finally, Part IV contextualises the use of animals in the American film industry. It begins by examining the history of animal actors in American films, and then it explores how WDAS has depicted animal actors with Bolt (Directed by Williams, C. and Howard, B. [Film]. California: Walt Disney Productions, 2008). This chapter will conclude by arguing that it has evidently become socially-unacceptable to use animals to produce entertainment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Horse riding was discussed in the previous chapter, so it will not be discussed further here.
- 2.
Keiko was an orca that had been living in captivity since he was captured and removed from his mother in Iceland at the age of two. The release of Free Willy was followed by an outcry over comparisons between Keiko’s own life and the story of Willy, which was presented as tragic and miserable in the film (Orlean 2002). For example, Keiko had been living in a small tank designed for dolphins and isolated from other whales for most of his life. This led to several campaigns to re-integrate Keiko back into the Icelandic waters that he had been taken from (Orlean 2002). The campaigns were successful, and Keiko’s owners agreed to have him transferred back to Iceland. However, despite several attempts to integrate Keiko with natural whale pods, he lacked the social and survival skills to do so and kept returning to humans for food and comfort. After several failed integration attempts, Keiko was returned to captivity, and he died soon after (Orlean 2002). Most experts agree that Keiko had become too dependent on humans to have ever been successfully released into the wild (Brahic 2009).
- 3.
For example, there are only forty-eight zoos in the UK (About Britain 2019). In contrast, the UK has around 800 megafarms (Wasley et al. 2017).
- 4.
SAG is the Screen Actors’ Guild, an American labour union for film performers. SAG will be further discussed in Part IV of this chapter.
- 5.
“Willie the Whale Who Wanted to Sing at the Met” from Make Mine Music (1946) is not being included here since Willie’s performance takes place during a dream sequence.
- 6.
In The Three Caballeros (1945), there is a scene in which Donald Duck pretends to be a bull and wears a mechanical bull costume. During this scene, Jose Carioca (a parrot) pretends to be the bull fighter and holds up a red flag for Donald to run towards. This is not being included here as it is mocking bull fighting rather than depicting it. The “bull” is Donald Duck in a paper costume; thus, it is not a real bull.
- 7.
The Roman games were barbaric spectacles that killed humans and animals in bizarre and cruel ways for the purpose of entertainment (Stevens and McAlister 2007: 95).
- 8.
Since snails are small in size and have a limited home range, zoo environments do not seem to affect them negatively (Pierce and Bekoff 2018: 46).
- 9.
- 10.
Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Circus was created by P. T. Barnum in the nineteenth century. In 2016, a year before their closure, they agreed to stop using elephants, but they continued to use tigers, lions, and other wild animals. The circus’s 2017 closure was blamed on high operating costs and decreased attendance (The Guardian 2017).
- 11.
A “roll-a-book” is a picture book built into a box that the reader twists to get to the next slide (Barrier 2011).
- 12.
The main purpose of Dumbo was to generate much-needed revenue for the financially-troubled WDAS studios. This was why the animation quality on Dumbo is much lower than on other WDAS works of the time. WDAS was financially-troubled because they had invested much of their money into both Fantasia and Bambi (Langer 1990: 310). Unlike its much more expensive predecessor Fantasia, Dumbo was released to positive reviews; however, its strong publicity was somewhat cut short by the unexpected attack on Pearl Harbour that occurred a few weeks after its release (The Walt Disney Family Museum 2011).
- 13.
As revealed early in the film, Dumbo’s name is actually Jumbo Jr. However, given that he is almost-always referred to as “Dumbo”, that is the name that will be used here for clarity.
- 14.
This was the first half of Fun and Fancy Free (1947), one of WDAS’s “Wartime Era” package films. Bongo was originally intended to be a feature-length sequel to Dumbo. However, the script was finalized one day after the attack on Pearl Harbour; therefore, on the very same day, the Disney studios became occupied by the U.S. military. During this time, the studio was commissioned to make propaganda films, meaning that Bongo and a few other planned films were shelved. Once back in production, it was decided that the animation of Bongo and Mickey and the Beanstalk was not good enough to be a feature film, so they were paired together to create Fun and Fancy Free (AFI: American Film Institute 1999: 838).
- 15.
SAG (also sometimes known as SAG-AFTRA) is an American labor union that represents a large number of professional media performers, such as film actors (SAG-AFTRA 2018). All SAG films, television shows, and so forth that use animals and are filmed in North America are required to give the AHA full access to their sets (Humane Hollywood 2018c). However, films that are not part of the SAG are under no obligation to follow the AHA’s guidelines if they do not wish to (Humane Hollywood 2018c). If a non-SAG film chooses not to follow the AHA’s guidelines, all this means is that they will not be eligible for any of the AHA’s disclaimers.
- 16.
This detailed exposé interviewed six AHA staff members and reviewed a large amount of internal AHA documents, such as logs, e-mails, and meeting minutes. The article claimed that the AHA “distorts its film ratings, downplays or fails to publicly acknowledge harmful incidents and sometimes does not seriously pursue investigations” (Baum 2013a).
- 17.
Since A Dog’s Purpose was a SAG production, the use of animals on-set had been monitored by the AHA throughout filming (BBC News 2017). However, the AHA’s independent investigation of the leaked video, which was swiftly completed in just over two weeks, concluded that the footage was “misleading” and “manipulated” (American Humane 2019e). Furthermore, the AHA’s official statement did not condemn the actions of those involved in the incident, but instead questioned the “motives and ethics” of whomever leaked the footage. The AHA concluded their investigation by stating that: “No animals were harmed in the making of this film” (American Humane 2019e).
- 18.
There are currently six different grades given by the AHA: 1. Monitored: Outstanding, 2. Monitored: Acceptable, 3. Monitored: Special Circumstances, 4. Monitored: Unacceptable, 5. Not Monitored: Production Compliant, and 6. Not Monitored (Humane Hollywood 2018c).
- 19.
Bolt is not based upon any external texts; it was devised by WDAS (IMDB 2017).
Bibliography
About Britain (2009–2019) Britain’s best zoos. Available at: https://about-britain.com/tourism/zoos-wildlife.htm (Accessed: 4 July 2019).
AFI: American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States: Feature Films, 1941–1950 (1999). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Aldrich, B. C. (2018) ‘The Use of Primate “Actors” in Feature Films 1990–2013’, Anthrozoös, 31(1), pp. 5–21.
American Film Institute (2019) AFI’s 100 Greatest Heroes & Villains. Available at: https://www.afi.com/100years/handv.aspx (Accessed: 13 June 2019).
American Humane (2019c) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Animals in Filmed Media. Available at: https://www.americanhumane.org/app/uploads/2016/08/Guidelines2015-WEB-Revised-110315-1.pdf (Accessed: 28 April 2019).
American Humane (2019d) History. Available at: https://www.americanhumane.org/about-us/history/ (Accessed: 7 April 2019).
American Humane (2019e) Independent Investigative Report on “A Dog’s Purpose” Finds Edited Video Mischaracterized What Happened on the Set. Available at: https://www.americanhumane.org/press-release/independent-investigative-report-on-a-dogs-purpose-finds-edited-video-mischaracterized-what-happened-on-the-set/ (Accessed: 12 March 2019).
American Humane (2019f) “No Animals Were Harmed” We Help Keep the Cameras Rolling and the Animals Safe. Available at: https://www.americanhumane.org/initiative/no-animals-were-harmed/ (Accessed: 7 May 2019).
Animal Equality (2019) Entertainment. Available at: https://www.animalequality.net/entertainment (Accessed: 4 June 2019).
Barrier, M. (2011) The Mysterious Dumbo Roll-A-Book. Available at: http://www.michaelbarrier.com/Essays/DumboRollABook/DumboRollABook.html (Accessed: 15 February 2019).
Batt, S. (2009) ‘Human attitudes towards animals in relation to species similarity to humans: a multivariate approach’, Bioscience Horizons: The International Journal of Student Research, 2(1), pp. 180–190.
Baum, G. (2013a) ‘Animals Were Harmed’, The Hollywood Reporter, 25 November. Available at: https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/animals-were-harmed-hollywood-reporter-investigation-on-set-injury-death-cover-ups-659556 (Accessed: 15 September 2018).
Baum, G. (2013b) ‘’Life of Pi’ AHA Monitor Leaves Job After THR Email Exposes Tiger ‘Damn Near Drowned’’, The Hollywood Reporter, 26 November. Available at: https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/life-pi-aha-monitor-leaves-660369 (Accessed: 15 September 2018).
BBC News (2017) A Dog’s Purpose Premiere Cancelled Amid Animal Rights Concerns. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38695074 (Accessed: 23 December 2018).
Beatson, R. M. and Halloran, M. J. (2010) ‘Humans rule! The effects of creatureliness reminders, mortality salience and self-esteem on attitudes towards animals’, British Journal of Social Psychology, 46(3), pp. 619–632.
Bettany, S. and Belk, R. W. (2011) ‘Disney Discourses of Self and Other: Animality, Primitivity, Modernity, and Postmodernity’, Consumption Markets & Culture, 14(2), pp. 163–176.
Borkfelt, S. (2011) ‘What’s in a Name? – Consequences of Naming Non-Human Animals’, Animals, 1(1), pp. 116–125.
Born Free Foundation (2016) The Use of Wild Animals in Performance 2016. Available at: https://www.bornfree.org.uk/storage/media/content/files/Publications/PERFORMING_ANIMALS_REPORT_2016.pdf (Accessed: 5 March 2019).
Brahic, C. (2009) ‘Why freeing Willy was the wrong thing to do’, New Scientist, 28 April. Available at: https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17039-why-freeing-willy-was-the-wrong-thing-to-do/ (Accessed: 12 March 2019).
Bristol Zoo Gardens (2019) Gorillas. Available at: https://www.bristolzoo.org.uk/explore-the-zoo/ (Accessed: 4 July 2019).
Brooke, B. (2001) ‘Step Right Up!’, History Magazine, October/November issue. Available at: https://www.history-magazine.com/circuses.html (Accessed: 15 April 2019)
Brooks, X. (2012) ‘Award Posthumous Oscar to dog star Rin Tin Tin, says biographer’, The Guardian, 4 January. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jan/04/award-oscar-dog-rin-tin-tin (Accessed: 17 April 2019).
Brucculieri, J. (2017) ‘Josh Gad Responds to ‘Disturbing’ Leaked Video from ‘A Dog’s Purpose’ Set [UPDATE]’, The Huffington Post, 19 January. Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/josh-gad-a-dogs-purpose-video-response_us_5880be0ae4b04b69667e9e09 (Accessed: 4 January 2019).
Burt, J. (2002) Animals in Film. London: Reaktion Books.
Cataldi, S. L. (2002) ‘Animals and the Concept of Dignity: Critical Reflections on a Circus Performance’, Ethics & the Environment, 7(2), pp. 104–126.
Cave, J. (2017) ‘Remembering Tyke, Rebellious Circus Elephant, And Her Tragic Death (GRAPHIC VIDEO)’, Huffington Post, 19 August. Available at: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/tyke-elephant-honolulu-circus_n_5689932 (Accessed: 27 February 2019)
Child, B. (2013) ‘Life of Pi Tiger Nearly Drowned on Set, Report Alleges’, The Guardian, 27 November. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/nov/27/life-of-pi-tiger-nearly-drowned-report-animals-hollywood (Accessed: 2 March 2018).
Coleman, J. T. (2015) ‘The Shoemaker’s Circus: Grizzly Adams and Nineteenth-Century Animal Entertainment’, Environmental History, 20(4), pp. 593–618.
Davis, J. M. (2017) “Pain Is the Only School-Teacher’: the Jack London Club and the Politics of American Animal Performance, 1880–1945’, Early Popular Visual Culture, 15(3), pp. 334–349.
Diamond, W. (2017) ‘Animals and the Academy Awards: A History’, Huffington Post, 6 December. Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/wendy-diamond/animals-and-the-academy-a_b_481290.html (Accessed: 22 November 2018).
Estren, M. J. (2012) ‘The Neoteny Barrier: Seeking Respect for the Non-Cute’, Journal of Animal Ethics, 2(1), pp. 6–11.
Frammalino, R. and Bates, J. (2001) ‘Questions Raised About Group That Watches Out for Animals in Movies’, Los Angeles Times, 9 February. Available at: http://articles.latimes.com/2001/feb/09/news/mn-23161/3 (Accessed: 2 March 2019).
Gray, E. A. (2014) Corporate Responsibility, Ethics, and Animal Welfare. Master’s Thesis. St Catherine University. Available at: https://sophia.stkate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&context=maol_theses (Accessed: 11 June 2019).
Gray, J. (2017) Zoo Ethics: The Challenges of Compassionate Conservation. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Gunasekera, C. A. (2018) ‘The Ethics of Killing “Surplus” Zoo Animals’, Journal of Animal Ethics, 8(1), pp. 93–102.
Hadley, M. (2009) Michael Jackson Master of Illusion: The Final Curtain Call. Indiana: Xlibris.
Hawkes, R. (2016) ‘Remembering The Artist’s Uggie: One of Cinema’s Top Dogs’, The Telegraph, 25 December. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/remembering-uggie-dog-star-artist-one-cinemas-charismatic-canines/ (Accessed: 4 March 2019).
Humane Hollywood (2018b) A Long History of Ensuring Safety. Available at: http://www.humanehollywood.org/index.php/end-credits/end-credit-evolution (Accessed: 11 September 2018).
Humane Hollywood (2018c) Certification Definition. Available at: http://humanehollywood.org/index.php/on-the-set/certification-definition (Accessed: 7 September 2018).
Humane Hollywood (2018e) Eligibility for the ‘No Animals Were Harmed’ Certification. Available at: http://humanehollywood.org/index.php/component/content/article/11-film-makers/32-eligibility-no-animals-were-harmed (Accessed: 7 September 2018).
Humane Hollywood (2018f) Pirates of the Caribbean: Cure of the Black Pearl. Available at: http://humanehollywood.org/index.php/movie-archive/item/pirates-of-the-caribbean-the-curse-of-the-black-pearl (Accessed: 11 September 2018).
IMDB (2017) Bolt. Available at: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0397892/ (Accessed: 12 December 2017).
Langer, M. (1990) ‘Regionalism in Disney Animation: Pink Elephants and Dumbo’, Film History, 4(4), pp. 305–321.
Loughrey, C. (2017) ‘A Dog’s Purpose: Terrified Dog Filmed Being Pushed into Water during Shooting’, Independent, 19 January. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/a-dogs-purpose-dog-pushed-into-water-peta-boycott-german-shepherd-a7534741.html (Accessed: 10 January 2019).
Lusher, A. (2003) ‘Whale star of ‘Free Willy’ dies after return to wild’, The Telegraph, 14 December. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1449436/Whale-star-of-Free-Willy-dies-after-return-to-wild.html (Accessed: 14 November 2018).
MacClellan, J. (2013) ‘Size Matters: Animal Size, Contributory Causation, and Ethical Vegetarianism’, Journal of Animal Ethics, 3(1), pp. 57–68.
National Geographic (2019) Zoo. Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/zoo/ (Accessed: 15 January 2019).
Nijland, H. et al. (2013) ‘Frames and Ambivalence in Context: An Analysis of Hands-On Experts’ Perception of the Welfare of Animals in Traveling Circuses in The Netherlands’, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 26(3), pp. 523–535.
O’Connor, J. (2016) ‘The Case of the Las Vegas Orangutan Beater Continues to Make History’, PETA. Available at: https://www.peta.org/blog/case-las-vegas-orangutan-beater-continues-make-history/ (Accessed: 12 January 2019).
One Green Planet (2019) Amazing Animal Free Circuses. Available at: https://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/amazing-animal-free-circuses/ (Accessed: 6 March 2019).
Orlean, S. (2002) ‘Where’s Willy?’, The New Yorker, 15 September. Available at: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/09/23/wheres-willy (Accessed: 22 March 2019).
Pallant, C. (2011) Demystifying Disney: A History of Disney Feature Animation. London: Continuum.
PETA (2019b) Animal Actors: Involuntary Performers. Available at: https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-in-entertainment/animals-used-entertainment-factsheets/animal-actors-command-performances/ (Accessed: 8 January 2019).
PETA (2019d) Circuses. Available at: https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-in-entertainment/circuses/ (Accessed: 27 July 2019).
PETA (2019h) Great Apes Used in TV, Film, and Ads. Available at: https://www.peta.org/features/great-apes-used-tv-movies-ads/ (Accessed: 7 June 2019).
PETA (2019i) Highway Hellholes: 15 Roadside Zoos on the Blacklist. Available at: https://www.peta.org/living/entertainment/deadly-destinations/ (Accessed: 12 June 2019).
PETA (2019o) Zoos May Actually Hurt Conservation Efforts, Not Help Them. Available at: https://www.peta.org/features/zoo-conservation-captive-breeding/ (Accessed: 8 April 2019).
Peterson, M. (2007) ‘The Animal Apparatus: From a Theory of Animal Acting to an Ethics of Animal Acts’, The Drama Review, 51(1), pp. 33–48.
Phillips, K. (2015) ‘The ethical evolution of zoos’, ABC Australia, 21 October. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/rearvision/the-ethical-history-of-zoos/6869776 (Accessed: 24 November 2018).
Pierce, J. and Bekoff, M. (2018) ‘A Postzoo Future: Why Welfare Fails Animals in Zoos’, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 21(1), pp. 43–48.
Pinto, B. (2004) ‘A Retirement Home for Famous Apes’, ABC News, 31 July. Available at: https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=131784&page=1 (Accessed: 18 January 2019).
Polone, G. (2017) ‘Gavin Polone on ‘A Dog’s Purpose’ Outcry, What Really Happened and Who is to Blame’, The Hollywood Reporter, 23 January. Available at: https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/gavin-polone-a-dogs-purpose-outcry-what-happened-whos-blame-967160 (Accessed: 18 March 2019).
PR Newswire (2013) ‘American Humane Association Responds to The Hollywood Reporter’, 25 November. Available at: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/american-humane-association-responds-to-the-hollywood-reporter-233398221.html (Accessed: 16 February 2019).
Preschel, J. (2005) ‘Roy Horn Tiger Mauling Case Closed’, CBS News, 28 June. Available at: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/roy-horn-tiger-mauling-case-closed/ (Accessed: 9 February 2019).
Rees, P. A. (2017) The Laws Protecting Animals and Ecosystems. New Jersey: Wiley.
Roderick, K. (1990) ‘Spectacle, Complete With Apes, in Vegas Courtroom: Animal rights: Stardust headliner Bobby Berosini is suing after tapes showed him hitting his orang-utans’, LA Times, 8 August. Available at: https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-08-08-mn-161-story.html (Accessed: 19 January 2019).
SAG-AFTRA (2018) About. Available at: https://www.sagaftra.org/about (Accessed: 12 September 2018).
Sanchez, O. (2018) ‘’Dumbo’: Everything to Know About Disney’s Live-Action Remake Directed by Tim Burton’, The Hollywood Reporter, 27 June. Available at: https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dumbo-everything-know-disneys-live-action-remake-1123533 (Accessed: 7 March 2019).
Schnug, C. (2011) ‘The Plight of the Screen Animal: Animal Disappearance and Death on Film’, Film Matters, 2(2), pp. 18–22.
Shoard, C. (2017) ‘A Dog’s Purpose Premiere Cancelled After Video of Stunt Dog ‘in Distress”, The Guardian, 20 January. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/jan/20/a-dogs-purpose-premiere-video-german-shepherd (Accessed: 18 February 2019).
Stevens, P. M. C. and McAlister, E. (2007) ‘Ethics in Zoos’, International Zoo Yearbook, 38(1), pp. 94–101.
Stoddart, H. (2004) ‘Animals in Sport and Entertainment’, The Reference Librarian, 41(86), pp. 25–36.
Stokes, J. (2004) ‘Lion Griefs: the Wild Animal Act as Theatre’, New Theatre Quarterly, 20(2), pp. 138–154.
Strodder, C. (2015) The Disneyland Book of Lists. Santa Monica: Santa Monica Press.
The Guardian (2017) ‘Greatest show on Earth’: Ringling Bros circus bows out after 146 years, 22 May. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2017/may/22/ringling-bros-barnum-bailey-circus-final-show-new-york-146-years (Accessed: 23 December 2018).
The Jane Goodall Institute Australia (2018) Great Apes. Available at: https://www.janegoodall.org.au/great-apes/ (Accessed: 8 September 2018).
The Official Disney Fan Club (2018) Disney’s Decades of Work with American Humane Association. Available at: https://d23.com/disney-aha-historic-milestones/ (Accessed: 18 September 2018).
The Walt Disney Family Museum (2011) The Timely “Dumbo”: Almost a Cover Boy. Available at: https://www.waltdisney.org/blog/timely-dumbo-almost-cover-boy (Accessed: 28 March 2018).
Vandersommers, D. (2017) ‘What’s All Happening at the Zoo?’, Origins, 10(6). Available at: https://origins.osu.edu/article/whats-all-happening-zoo (Accessed: 6 December 2018).
Vonledebur, C. (2013) ‘Leamington Game of Thrones actress Sophie Turner enjoying her rise to fame’, Coventry Telegraph, 16 August. Available at: https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/whats-on/film-tv/leamington-game-thrones-actress-sophie-5740234 (Accessed: 3 December 2018).
Wasley, A., Harvey, F., Davies, M., and Child, D. (2017) ‘UK has nearly 800 livestock mega farms, investigation reveals’, The Guardian, 19 June. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/jul/17/uk-has-nearly-800-livestock-mega-farms-investigation-reveals (Accessed: 22 October 2018).
Webb, S. (2015) ‘The Russian restaurant where LEOPARD and TIGER meat is on the menu’, Mirror, 27 July. Available at: https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/russian-restaurant-leopard-tiger-meat-5109233 (Accessed: 12 September 2019).
Wills, S. (2012) ‘The Crowded, Competitive World of Animal Acting’, The Atlantic, 31 May. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/05/the-crowded-competitive-world-of-animal-acting/257897/ (Accessed: 21 September 2019).
Wilson, D. A. H. (2017) ‘Circus animals and the illusion of wildness’, Early Popular Visual Culture, 15(3), pp. 350–366.
Yuhas, A. (2015) ‘A third of Americans believe animals deserve same rights as people, poll finds’, The Guardian, 19 May. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/19/americans-animals-human-rights-poll (Accessed: 22 May 2019).
Films
A Dogs Purpose (2017) Directed by Hallström, L. [Film]. Glendale: DreamWorks et al.
Aladdin (1992) Directed by Clements, R. and Musker, J. [Film]. California: Walt Disney Productions.
Bolt (2008) Directed by Williams, C. and Howard, B. [Film]. California: Walt Disney Productions.
Dumbo (1941) Directed by Armstrong, S. et al. [Film]. California: Walt Disney Productions.
Dumbo (2019) Directed by Burton, T. [Film]. California: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.
Fantasia 2000 (1999) Directed by Hahn, D. et al. [Film]. California: Walt Disney Productions.
Free Willy (1993) Directed by Wincer, S. [Film]. California: Warner Bros.
Fun and Fancy Free (1947) Directed by Geronimi, C. et al. [Film]. California: Walt Disney Productions.
Lady and the Tramp (1955) Directed by Geronimi, C. et al. [Film]. California: Walt Disney Productions.
Life of Pi (2012) Directed by Lee, A. [Film]. California: 20th Century Fox.
Make Mine Music (1946) Directed by Cormack, R. et al. [Film]. California: Walt Disney Productions.
Meet the Robinsons (2007) Directed by Anderson, S. J. [Film]. California: Walt Disney Productions.
The Artist (2011) Directed by Hazanavicius, M. [Film]. France: Warner Bros.
The Great Mouse Detective (1986) Directed by Clements, R. et al. [Film]. California: Walt Disney Productions.
The Rescuers (1977) Directed by Lounsbery J. et al. [Film]. California: Walt Disney Productions.
We Bought a Zoo (2011) Directed by Crowe, C. [Film]. California: 20th Century Fox.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stanton, R.R. (2021). Animal “Entertainers” in WDAS Films. In: The Disneyfication of Animals. The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49316-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49316-5_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-49315-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-49316-5
eBook Packages: Religion and PhilosophyPhilosophy and Religion (R0)