Abstract
Transactional tools of import-export trade—the League of Nation’s effort to institutionalise trade—the UN practice on this issue—the need for transition from the GATT system to the WTO system—the concepts “equality on law” rather than “equality in fact”—the futility of applying MFN treatment in import-export trade.
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Notes
- 1.
G Schwarzenberger, “The Most-Favoured Nation Standard in British State Practice”, 22 British Year Book of International Law (1945) 96–121 at 96.
- 2.
S K Hornbeck, “The Most-Favoured Nation Clause (Part 1)”, 3 American Journal of International Law (1909) 395–422 at 395.
- 3.
See Appendix to this work.
- 4.
Ibid.
- 5.
League of Nations, Commercial Policy in the Inter-War Period: International Proposals and National Policies (1942) at 47–51.
- 6.
See further C A Wilcox, A Charter for World Trade, New York, Macmillan (1949).
- 7.
For a discussion of the need for a wider application of the most-favoured nation standard, see the Report of the International Law Commission (1969) vol. II, UN Doc. A/CN.4/213.
- 8.
G Schwarzenberger, “The Principles and Standards of International Economic Law”, 7 Recueil des Cours The Hague Academy of International Law (1966) I, 1–98 at 77.
- 9.
G Schwarzenberger, The Most-Favoured Nation Standard in British Practice”, op. cit., at 106.
- 10.
Memorandum of the Chief of the Division of Commercial Treaties and Agreements (Hawkins) to Assistant Secretary of State, Acheson, 1 August 1941, Foreign Relations, vol. III, 19–21 Ct. M. Whiteman, 14 Digest of International Law, op. cit., at 749.
- 11.
PCIJ (1935) Series A/B No. 64.
- 12.
op. cit., at 15.
- 13.
op. cit., at 19.
- 14.
Ibid.
- 15.
Ibid.
- 16.
Ibid.
- 17.
op. cit., at 26.
- 18.
See further S Lester, B Mercurio, and A Davies, World Trade Law: Text, Materials and Commentary, Oxford, Hart Publishing, latest edition.
- 19.
For the footnotes 1–5, please see an extremely informative published work entitled From GATT to the WTO: The Multilateral Trading System in the New Millennium, published by WTO—Kluwer Law International, The Hague (2000); it contains a very good bibliography too. See also John H Jackson, The World Trade Organisation: Constitution and Jurisprudence, London, The Royal Institute of International Affairs (latest edition).
- 20.
See further P Van Den Bossche, et al., The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, latest edition.
- 21.
Some of the good published works on WTO dispute settlement procedures are: World Trade Organization, A Handbook on the WTO Dispute Settlement System, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (2011); A D Mitchell, Legal Principles in WTO Disputes, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press (2011).
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Chatterjee, C. (2020). International Trade Practice. In: Economic Diplomacy and Foreign Policy-making. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49047-8_10
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