Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Proposed Solutions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Water Resources of Lebanon

Part of the book series: World Water Resources ((WWR,volume 7))

  • 395 Accesses

Abstract

“Water in Lebanon is in Jeopardy”. Since the beginning of 1990s the water crisis has been occurred in Lebanon and still continuing. Up to date, no improvement in the water sector can be touched. The discharge in rivers and springs has been significantly decreased, it is also the case for many wetlands and lakes. Groundwater is under depletion with sharp decline in the discharge and the abrupt lowering of water table. Quality deterioration became widespread including a surface and groundwater resources where it reached the bottled water. In the view of this unfavorable situation in water sector in Lebanon, questions are always raised: Why there is such a status? What are the reasons behind it? What are the solutions to alleviate the impact of water crisis in Lebanon? What the outcomes of measures and water policies adopted by the government? The most important question remains: What will happen if this deteriorating situation in continues as it is? Actually, there is no define answers for all these questions, notably it is not determined who should answer on them. There must be clear and practical solutions, based on scientific concepts, to face this situation. This chapter presents proposed solutions which are based on the author’s expertise and observations. Data and information mentioned in this document were used as a background to build the proposed solutions which represent scientific outlines for further actions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Al Saud M (2015) Flood control management for the city and surroundings of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Springer, New York/London, 169p

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayoub G, Khouri R, Ghannam J, Acra A, Hamdar B (2002) Exploitation of submarine springs in Lebanon: assessment of potential. J Water Supply Res Technol AQUA 51(1):47–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakken T, Ruden F, Mangset L (2012) Submarine groundwater: a new concept for the supply of drinking water. Water Resour Manag 26:1015–1026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9806-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berbel J, Gutiérrez-Martín C, Martin-Ortega J (2017) Water economics and policy. Water MDPI Publishing 9:801. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100801

  • Callahan J (1988) Ethical issues in professional life (Callahan JC (ed)). Oxford University Press, New York, pp 3–25, 470 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • COMEST (World Commission on the Ethics of Science and Technology) IHP (International Hydrology Programme) (2004) Best ethical practice in water use. UNESCO, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • ESCWA (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia) (2010) Water sector in Lebanon an operational framework for undertaking legislative and institutional reforms, 46pp

    Google Scholar 

  • FNC (First National Communication) (2009) Climate change. Ministry of Environment & GEF & UNDP, Beirut, 164pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Grunwald A (2016) Water ethics – orientation for water conflicts as part of inter- and trans-disciplinary deliberation. In: Society – water – technology. Springer, Berlin, 11–32pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamzé M, Shaban A (2018) Conclusion and discussion. In: The Litani River, Lebanon: an assessment and current challenges. Springer, Cham, 179p

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassanli A, Beecham S (2009) Criteria for optimizing check dam location and maintenance requirements. In: Check dams, morphological adjustments and erosion control in torrential streams. Nova Science Publishers, New York, 1–22pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Kashoua L (2015) Rooftop water harvesting: an adaptation instrument for water shortage in Lebanon. MSc dissertation, Lebanese University, 49pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato T, Endo A (2017) Contrasting two dimensions of disaster-induced water-shortage experiences: water availability and access. Water Water 9:982. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9120982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer A, Castro Z, Seroa de Motta R, Russell C (2003) Economic instruments for water management: experiences from Europe and implications for Latin America and the Caribbean. Integration and Regional Programs Department Sustainable IADB, New York, 83pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Masciopinto C (2013) Management of aquifer recharge in Lebanon by removing seawater intrusion from coastal aquifers. J Environ Manag 130:306–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mhawej M, Faour G, Fayad A, Shaban A (2014) Towards an enhanced method to map snow cover areas and derive snow-water equivalent in Lebanon. J Hydrol 513:274–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MoEW and UNDP (2014) Assessment of groundwater resources of Lebanon, 88pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyssen J, Veyret-Picot M, Poesen J, Moeyersons J, Mitiku H, Deckers J, Govers G (2004) The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Bed Sediment Use Manag 20:55–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Priscoli J, Dooge J, Llamas R (2004) Water and ethics. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, 33pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaban A (2003) Etude de l’hydrogéologie au Liban Occidental: Utilisation de la télédétection. PhD dissertation, Bordeaux 1 Université, 202p

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaban A (2016) New economic policies: instruments for water management in Lebanon. Hydrol Curr Res 7(1):1–7

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Shaban A, Darwich T (2008) Assessment of hill ponds sites in Ar-Rssal area. Unpublished Technical Report. Development Studies Association, 19pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaban A, Dawrich T (2011) The role of sinkholes in groundwater recharge in mountain crests of Lebanon. Environ Hydrol J 19(9):2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaban A, Khawlie M, Abdallah C, Faour G (2005) Geologic controls of submarine groundwater discharge: application of remote sensing to North Lebanon. Environ Geol 47(4):512–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaban A, Robinson C, El-Baz F (2009) Using MODIS images and TRMM data to correlate rainfall peaks and water discharges from the Lebanese coastal rivers. J Water Resour Prot 4:227–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaban A, Darwich T, Drapeau L, Gascoin S (2014) Climatic induced snowpack surfaces on Lebanon’s mountains. Open Hydrol J 2014(8):8–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaban A, Faour G Mhawej M (2018) Developing institutional capacity for integrated approach in SDG 6 monitoring in Lebanon. Technical report submitted to UN-Water, 41p

    Google Scholar 

  • SNC (Second National Communication) to the UNFCCC (2011) Climate change vulnerability and adaptation. Ministry of Environment & GEF & UNDP, Beirut, 288 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • TNC (Third National Communication) to the UNFCCC (2015) Updated national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory, mitigation, vulnerability and adaptation analysis and policy recommendations Ministry of Environment & UNDP, Beirut (Under preparation)

    Google Scholar 

  • UNEP-IETC (2001) Sourcebook of alternative technology for freshwater augmentation in West Asia. Technical publication series (8 f). UNEP-IETC, Osaka, 182 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO (2011) Water ethics and water resource management. Ethics and climate change in Asia and the Pacific: Working Group 14. Report. Regional Unit for Social and Human Sciences in Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, 84pp

    Google Scholar 

  • UN-HABITAT (2008) Country programme document 2008–2009, Lebanon. Available at: http://www.unHABITAT.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2706

  • UNHCR (High Commissioner for Refugees) (2019) Lebanon water sector end of year dashboard 2018. Available on: https://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/lebanon-water-sector-end-year-dashboard-2018

  • Varis O, Keskinen M, Kummu M (2017) Four dimensions of water security with a case of the indirect role of water in global food security. Water Scarcity 1:36–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WB (World Bank) (2012) Lebanon country water sector assistance strategy 2012–2016. Sustainable Development Department Middle East and North Africa Region. Report no. 68313-LB, 36p

    Google Scholar 

  • Xuan Y, Holly M (2019) Offshore pumping impacts onshore groundwater resources and land subsidence. Geophys Res Lett 46(5):2553. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL081910. Terrain Surface Cracking

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Council for Scientific Research, Beirut, Lebanon

    Amin Shaban

Authors
  1. Amin Shaban
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Shaban, A. (2020). Proposed Solutions. In: Water Resources of Lebanon. World Water Resources, vol 7. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48717-1_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation