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Role of Specific Phytochemicals Against Gastrointestinal Malignancies

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Phytochemicals Targeting Tumor Microenvironment in Gastrointestinal Cancers

Abstract

The estimation from the American Cancer Society recorded cancer with the highest incidence and mortality rate every year. The most common cancer as estimated from the global cancer statistics is the gastrointestinal cancers with a major mortality rate. The common conventional therapies including chemo- and radiation therapies can improve prognosis of the patient only up to 5% due to adverse toxic side effect and multidrug resistance (MDR) developed by the patient against therapeutic drugs. The onset of these digestive system-related cancers is due to the Western lifestyle and food habits. The epidemiological studies evidenced that use of phytochemicals has significant health benefits. They are bestowed with their antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties that control multiple signalling pathways involved in tumor progression like PI3k/Akt/MAPK and sensitize the tumor-suppressor gene like p53 to the chemo-drugs. This chapter presents cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract (esophagus and gastric) and a part of lower intestine (colon and rectum) with specific phytochemicals inhibiting the tumor. It also focus on the molecular mechanism involved in promoting cancer and role of the phytochemicals in regulating these signalling pathways. It also include derivative forms of phytochemicals and their enhancement efficacy when used in combinational therapies. We further focus on novel nano-formulated phytochemicals used against cancer therapy. Thus, our chapter summarizes the use of phytochemicals that strengthen as a therapeutic candidate against gastrointestinal malignancies.

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Abbreviations

5-FU:

5-Fluorouracil

ABCB:

ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member

ACF:

Aberrant crypt foci

AMPK:

5′-AMP-activated protein kinase

APC:

Adenomatous polyposis coli

Chk1:

Checkpoint kinase 1

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

CRC:

Colorectal cancer

CSC:

Cancer stem cells

DCA:

Deoxycholic acid

EC:

Esophageal cancer

EGCG:

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

EMT:

Epithelial mesenchymal transition

GC:

Gastric cancer

HER2:

Human epidermal growth factor

IL-8:

Interleukin-8

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

JAK:

Janus kinase

MDR:

Multidrug resistance

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinases

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa B

NRF2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

PARP:

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

P-gp:

P-glycoprotein

PLGA:

Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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  1. Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Banasthali, India

    Dariya Begum

  2. Dept. of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Neha Merchant & Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju

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    Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju

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Begum, D., Merchant, N., Nagaraju, G.P. (2020). Role of Specific Phytochemicals Against Gastrointestinal Malignancies. In: Nagaraju, G.P. (eds) Phytochemicals Targeting Tumor Microenvironment in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48405-7_1

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