Abstract
We are in the midst of a water crisis. Scarcity, pollution and flooding are some of today’s key challenges for sustainable urban development. The reasons are manifold. Preventive measures are put on the back burner, while reactive measures, siloed governance approaches and power struggles are daily business, resulting in ineffective governance. The crisis is hitting the most vulnerable urban populations the hardest and is, ultimately, a social equity issue. Against this background, we assess current water governance practice in order to identify key factors that can support social learning and enable just societal change. Taking Sweden as a critical case study, our findings highlight the potential of applying social learning theory and practice to support innovation and address the crisis. We present some key principles at three levels of resilience (socioeconomic, hazard and social-ecological), that should be considered when designing more comprehensive approaches, based on integrated learning and governance change. We conclude that an extraordinary governance approach is needed to support policy- and decision-makers in their efforts to reduce water-related risks and build resilience.
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Notes
- 1.
This strategy has been criticised for only focusing on the built environment and buildings – one of six working areas identified in the 2007 Climate Commission Report (SOU, 2007).
- 2.
The Global Water Partnership’s definition of IWRM is widely accepted. It states: “IWRM is a process which promotes the co-ordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems” (Global Water Partnership (GWP), 2000, p. 22).
- 3.
The concept of nature-based solutions is relatively new, and can be defined as solutions that use nature and ecosystem services to provide economic, social and environmental benefits. Its broad scope spans other concepts, such as urban green infrastructure and ecosystem-based approaches for climate change adaptation (Wamsler et al., 2019).
- 4.
A 100-year flood is generally understood to refer to a flood that has a probability of occurring, on average, once every 100 years. The term has been criticized for being misleading as, in fact, it refers to a flood that has a 1% chance of happening in any given year. A 100-year flood can occur 2 years in a row, although it is very unlikely.
- 5.
See MSB database for natural hazards: https://www.msb.se/naturolycksdatabas
- 6.
One of the five Flood Risk Management Plans assessed by the European Commission contains an objective that refers to the use of wetlands for water retention (EC, 2019b).
- 7.
Room for the River Programme website: https://www.ruimtevoorderivier.nl/english/
- 8.
This includes IWRM , which can support prevention and mitigation (i.e., risk reduction) in land use management.
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Johannessen, Å., Wamsler, C. (2021). Extraordinary Governance to Avoid Extraordinary Events. In: Baird, J., Plummer, R. (eds) Water Resilience. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48110-0_12
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