Abstract
In 1538 pilgrimage to all shrines was outlawed in England, and pilgrimages to English cathedrals were not revived until the second half of the nineteenth century. This chapter examines that three-century gap, suggesting that attempts to hunt down faint traces in the hope of finding surviving traditions of pilgrimage or the continued veneration of former cultic objects such as shrine bases are chasing a mirage. Instead, the chapter offers a history of visiting English cathedrals from the sixteenth-century Reformation to the early nineteenth century, suggesting that there were four types of visitors: the tomb hunter, the history seeker, the musical aficionado, and the architectural critic. Nevertheless, it is important to put such visiting in the context of other reasons to attend a cathedral, including for worship, as a litigant in a consistory court, and for recreation, and to consider visiting in terms of the diverse and changing functions of a cathedral, rather than in essentialist categories of religious pilgrim or secular tourist. Moreover, the chapter argues that a study of English cathedral visiting challenges the traditional model whereby modern tourism evolved from medieval pilgrimage, and suggests instead overlapping modes of visiting that intersected and clashed, both with one another and with the nature or roles of a cathedral.
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Notes
- 1.
‘A Pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral’, Magdalen College School Journal, 4:30 (October 1873), pp. 199–200. I am grateful to John Jenkins, Dominic Janes, Andrew Sargent, Jane Tillier, and the participants in the two York symposia on Pilgrimage and England’s Cathedrals for their helpful comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this essay.
- 2.
Cranmer (1846, pp. 460–461).
- 3.
Visitation Articles (1910, vol. ii, p. 5). The Ten Articles had not, in fact, said anything about pilgrimage.
- 4.
Visitation Articles (1910, vol. ii, pp. 37, 48, 57).
- 5.
- 6.
- 7.
Wilson (1986, pp. 117–118).
- 8.
Morgan’s Map of the Whole of London in 1682, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-map-morgan/1682/map, accessed 03.01.19.
- 9.
- 10.
Tyndale (1528, fo. 110v).
- 11.
Capito (1550, sigs cv–c iiiv); The Seconde Tome of Homilies (London, 1563, fos. 12–83: ‘Homilie against perill of Idolatrie’).
- 12.
- 13.
State Papers (1830, pp. 601–602).
- 14.
- 15.
Whalen (2011, p. 360).
- 16.
Rex and Armstrong (2002, p. 402).
- 17.
- 18.
- 19.
Historical Manuscripts Commission (1888, p. 311).
- 20.
Raine (1833, p. 79).
- 21.
Gentleman’s Magazine, 13 (1743), p. 551; 17 (1747), p. 494.
- 22.
Neale and Bayley (1823, vol. ii, p. 69n). I am grateful to Matthew Payne, keeper of the muniments at Westminster Abbey, for noting that these claims have left no trace in the abbey records.
- 23.
Barrett (1982, p. 182).
- 24.
Rites (1902).
- 25.
Walsham (2011, pp. 196–199).
- 26.
Walsham (2018, pp. 90–91, 104).
- 27.
Wordsworth (1892, pp. 11, 14–19, 81).
- 28.
- 29.
- 30.
King et al. (1656, p. 32).
- 31.
King et al. (1656, p. 32).
- 32.
- 33.
Nilson (1998, p. 44).
- 34.
Visitation Articles (1910, vol. ii, p. 67).
- 35.
Patrick (1665, p. 445).
- 36.
- 37.
Bunyan (1678, sig. A3r).
- 38.
Morton (1669, pp. 5, 145. 151, 185, 189).
- 39.
Purchas (1613) and subsequent editions.
- 40.
Taylor (1618).
- 41.
- 42.
- 43.
- 44.
Seaton (1999).
- 45.
- 46.
Patterson (2000).
- 47.
Morrissey (2011).
- 48.
Gregory (2004, p. 351).
- 49.
Atherton (2018, p. 104).
- 50.
Calculated from the English Short Title Catalogue, http://estc.bl.uk accessed 15.08.19.
- 51.
Taylor (1903, p. 78).
- 52.
Wilson (1996, pp. 603–604, 606).
- 53.
Dekker (1609, p. 33).
- 54.
Waldstein (1981, p. 25–181).
- 55.
Historical Manuscripts Commission (1906, pp. 382–383).
- 56.
Stow and Howes (1615, p. 886).
- 57.
Thomas Platter (1937, p. 147).
- 58.
de Gante (1831, pp. 354, 356).
- 59.
Cooper (1843, vol. ii, p. 361).
- 60.
- 61.
- 62.
- 63.
Stow and Howes (1615, p. 594).
- 64.
- 65.
Paul Hentzner (1797, pp. 12–19).
- 66.
Symonds (1859, pp. 10, 38, 83–93, 129–140, 211–214, 222, 260–261).
- 67.
For the feretrar or keeper of the shrine and his clerk at Durham, see Rites (1902, pp. 94–96).
- 68.
- 69.
- 70.
- 71.
King (1656) reissued 1672.
- 72.
The Curiosities (1775, vol. i, pp. 84–102).
- 73.
Acts (1999–2006, vol. ii, nos. 192, 512, 539, 541; vol. iii, nos. 7, 16, 29).
- 74.
Goldsmith (1762, vol. i, p. 46).
- 75.
Wilson et al. (1986, p. 145).
- 76.
London Metropolitan Archives, CLC/313/G/037/MS25532, fo. 10r.
- 77.
- 78.
Old Bailey Online, www.oldbaileyonline.org, ref. t17301204-22, accessed 12.04.18; Malcolm (1802–1807, vol. iii, p. 134).
- 79.
- 80.
Goldsmith (1762, vol. i, p. 47).
- 81.
Huygens (1982, pp. 295–296).
- 82.
Wilson et al. (1986, p. 145); Times, 19 April 1870, p. 6.
- 83.
Correspondence (1837, pp. 3–7).
- 84.
Weever (1631, p. 41); Spectator, 8 vols (London, 1713–1715, vol. i, pp. 146–147).
- 85.
Spectator, vol. i, p. 143; The Curiosities (1775, vol. i, pp. 100, 102).
- 86.
Colley (2005, pp. 178–182); ‘Westminster Abbey’, The Star 129, 21 April 1870.
- 87.
John Physick’s description of Westminster Abbey, in Wilson et al. (1986, p. 145).
- 88.
Aylmer (1979).
- 89.
Donne (1872–1873, vol. i, pp. 32–33).
- 90.
- 91.
- 92.
- 93.
Smith (2006, pp. 66–74).
- 94.
For print buying see Hyde (2004, p. 317).
- 95.
- 96.
Old Bailey Online, ref. t17580510-17, www.oldbaileyonline.org accessed 4 April 2018; London Evening Post, no. 4252, 8–11 February 1755, p. 4.
- 97.
Waterton et al. (2006, pp. 339–355).
- 98.
Goldsmith (1762, vol. i, pp. 43–45); The Tombs in Westminster Abbey ([Salisbury: John Fowler, 1790?]), ESTC no. T51460.
- 99.
Playford (1709, pp. 8–15). The song was frequently reprinted in the eighteenth century, either in collections or singly.
- 100.
Phillips (1656, p. 90).
- 101.
D’Urfey (1690, [sigs A7r, A8v]).
- 102.
The Tombs in Westminster Abbey. as Sung by Brother Popplewell in the manner of Chanting in a Cathedral (1775?), British Library, Roxburghe Ballads, 3.476.
- 103.
oldbaileyonline.org, t17250115-13. See also t17700221-44 of 1770.
- 104.
Scholes (1934).
- 105.
- 106.
- 107.
Cox (1978, pp. 1–51).
- 108.
Boden and Hedley (2017, pp. 1–3, 40).
- 109.
e.g. Payne (1738).
- 110.
Seward (1811, vol. iii, p. 312).
- 111.
- 112.
Burney (1785).
- 113.
Barrett (1993, pp. 172–173).
- 114.
Atherton (2011, p. 109).
- 115.
Evelyn (1825, pp. 352, 365–366) dedication dated 1697.
- 116.
Nichols (1812–1815, vol. vi, p. 187).
- 117.
- 118.
Pococke (1888–1889, vol. ii, pp. 60, 185).
- 119.
Pococke (1888–1889, vol. i, pp. 100–101, vol. ii, pp. 84–85, 121, 132, 205, 226).
- 120.
Atherton (1996, p. 645).
- 121.
Mawman (1805, pp. 40–41, 68).
- 122.
Torrington (1970, vol. i, pp. 17, 23–24).
- 123.
Duncombe (1778).
- 124.
Bettey and Lyes (2008, pp. 167–171).
- 125.
- 126.
Reports (1886, pp. 280–281).
- 127.
Correspondence (1837, p. 6).
- 128.
Historical Manuscripts Commission (1901, p. 93).
- 129.
oldbaileyonline.com, ref. t17301204-22.
- 130.
- 131.
Weir (1842, p. 3).
- 132.
- 133.
Jones et al. (2008, p. 58).
- 134.
Barrett (1993, pp. 12–25).
- 135.
e.g. Bauman (1996).
- 136.
Oxford English Dictionary.
- 137.
e.g. Llewllyn (2000, p. 340).
- 138.
Duffy (2002, pp. 165–166, 177).
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Atherton, I. (2020). Visiting England’s Cathedrals from the Reformation to the Early Nineteenth Century. In: Dyas, D., Jenkins, J. (eds) Pilgrimage and England's Cathedrals. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48032-5_4
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