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All About the Money? Saving Souls or Funding CEOs

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Pentecostal Politics in a Secular World

Part of the book series: Christianity and Renewal - Interdisciplinary Studies ((CHARIS))

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Abstract

In 1948, the tensions between Lewi Pethrus and his colleague Sven Lidman broke into an open conflict. It was not only a clash between two temperaments—the entrepreneur and the poet—but also between two visions of the church. During the 1940s, Pethrus worked hard to create institutions that would lead Pentecostalism into the modern age. This transformed Swedish Pentecostalism from a movement based on democratic association to one configured by corporations that required heavy capital investments. Pethrus’s expansion highlights Pentecostalism’s optimistic view of capitalism, to which Lidman was critical. Lidman saw the embrace of capitalism as commercializing the sacred. For Lidman the church was a refuge from the world—a city upon a hill—while for Pethrus, it was a means to convert it: the salt of the earth. In the end, Pethrus’s vision prevailed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Lidman had published his own translation of Augustine’s Confessions. It came out in 1921 on Bonnier.

  2. 2.

    For an overview of the Lidman conflict, see Nils-Eije Stävare, “1940–talet: Ökat engagemang i samhällsfrågor,” in Pingströrelsen, del 1, ed. Claes Waern (Örebro: Libris, 2007), 160–172. Carl-Erik Sahlberg, Pingströrelsen och tidningen Dagen (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2009), 169–172. Knut Ahnlund, Sven Lidman (Stockholm: Atlantis, 1996), 416–430. For documentation and analysis, see Joel Halldorf, Lewis brev (Örebro: Libris, 2007), 173–199. For additional documentation, see Arthur Sundstedt, Pingstväckelsen 5 (Stockholm: Normans förlag, 1971), 308–330.

  3. 3.

    Quoted from “Kris i Filadelfia, brytning Lidman-Pethrus,” Dagens Nyheter, 29 January, 1948.

  4. 4.

    Walter J. Hollenweger, The Pentecostals (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1977), 481.

  5. 5.

    Adrian Holmberg, Filadelfiaförsamlingen i Sverige (Stockholm: Filadelfia, 1980), 211. See also Carl-Erik Sahlberg, Pingströrelsen och tidningen Dagen (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2009), 135.

  6. 6.

    Venzel Nilsson’s Diary, June 13, 1942, Roland Gäreskog’s Private Archive, Linköping, Sweden.

  7. 7.

    Pethrus commented this already in Dagens Nyheter on January 29, 1948, and returned to it in his book-length reply five years later, see Lewi Pethrus, Den anständiga sanningen (Stockholm: C. E. Fritzes Bokförlag, 1953), 76.

  8. 8.

    Lewi Pethrus, Samlade skrifter 4 – De kristnas enhet (Stockholm: Filadelfia, 1958 [1919]), 144.

  9. 9.

    For more on this dualism in Pethrus ecclesiology, see Chap. 3.

  10. 10.

    Luke Bretherton, Christ and the Common Life (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2019), 125.

  11. 11.

    Ibid., 149.

  12. 12.

    Carl-Gustav Carlsson, Människan, samhället och Gud (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2013), 84–108.

  13. 13.

    See also Sven Lundkvist, Folkrörelserna i det svenska samhället (Uppsala: Svenska institutet för missionsforskning, 1977), 101–128 for a discussion of entrepreneurialism in Swedish free churches.

  14. 14.

    Compare Andreas Thörn, En framgångsrik främling (Örebro: Örebro Universitet, 2014), 173–204.

  15. 15.

    For more on this see Chap. 10 and the discussion regarding the formation of the Pentecostal Marriage Board.

  16. 16.

    Grant Wacker, Heaven Below (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 10.

  17. 17.

    See Chap. 4.

  18. 18.

    Bertil Carlsson, Organisationer och beslutsprocesser (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2008), 71.

  19. 19.

    See Chap. 6.

  20. 20.

    For the significance of these gatherings for identity and coherency of the Swedish Pentecostal movement, see Roland Eckerby, “Hur ljuvligt det är att möta,” in Pingströrelsen, del 2, ed. Claes Waern (Örebro: Libris, 2007).

  21. 21.

    Quoted in Carl-Erik Sahlberg, Pingströrelsen och tidningen Dagen (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2009), 134.

  22. 22.

    Jan-Åke Alvarsson, “Kursändring i ledningsstrukturen,” in Vägskäl, eds. Jan-Åke Alvarsson and Nils-Eije Stävare (Skellefteå: Artos, 2015), 132.

  23. 23.

    Cited in Bertil Carlsson, Organisationer och beslutsprocesser (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2008), 22.

  24. 24.

    Alvarsson describes this as one of the organizational doctrines in Swedish Pentecostalism until the 1950s. Jan-Åke Alvarsson, “Kursändring i ledningsstrukturen,” in Vägskäl, eds. Jan-Åke Alvarsson and Nils-Eije Stävare (Skellefteå: Artos, 2015), 138.

  25. 25.

    Bertil Carlsson, Organisationer och beslutsprocesser (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2008), 31.

  26. 26.

    Pethrus in Dagen July 2, 1966, quoted in Tommy Davidsson, Lewi Pethrus’ Ecclesiological Thought 1911–1974 (Leiden: Brill, 2015), 202–203.

  27. 27.

    Magnus Wahlström, “Fria församlingar och starka organisationer,” in Pingströrelsen, del 2, ed. Claes Waern (Örebro: Libris, 2007), 310. See also Torbjörn Aronson, “Spirit and Church in the Ecclesiology of Lewi Pethrus,” Pentecostudies 11, no. 2 (2012): 211 for a comment on Pethrus’s book Brytningstider–Segertider. Hällzon’s publishing house Evangeliipress in Örebro and Algot Eriksson’s publishing company in Kumla were both private, and met with skepticism. Jean-Erik Mårtensson, Vi i pingstkyrkan och andra kristna (Mariehamn: Missionshandelns i Mariehamn förlag, 1975), 59, 83. Daniel Wärn, Dagengruppens historia (Stockholm: Dagengruppen, 2008), 17.

  28. 28.

    Daniel Wärn, Dagengruppens historia (Stockholm: Dagengruppen, 2008), 17–18. Bertil Carlsson, Organisationer och beslutsprocesser (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2008), 33.

  29. 29.

    This process has been most thoroughly described by Carl-Erik Sahlberg, Pingströrelsen och tidningen Dagen (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2009), 124–150.

  30. 30.

    Daniel Wärn, Dagengruppens historia (Stockholm: Dagengruppen, 2008), 24. Carl-Erik Sahlberg, Pingströrelsen och tidningen Dagen (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2009), 147–148. Bertil Carlsson, Organisationer och beslutsprocesser (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2008), 33.

  31. 31.

    Magnus Wahlström, “Fria församlingar och starka organisationer,” in Pingströrelsen, del 2, ed. Claes Waern (Örebro: Libris, 2007), 310.

  32. 32.

    Daniel Wärn, Dagengruppens historia (Stockholm: Dagengruppen, 2008), 76. Bertil Carlsson, Organisationer och beslutsprocesser (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2008), 34. Today Dagen is owned by the Norwegian media house Mentor Media.

  33. 33.

    Bertil Carlsson, Organisationer och beslutsprocesser (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2008), 36. Jan-Åke Alvarsson, “Kursändring i ledningsstrukturen,” in Vägskäl, eds. Jan-Åke Alvarsson and Nils-Eije Stävare (Skellefteå: Artos, 2015), 131.

  34. 34.

    Bertil Carlsson, Organisationer och beslutsprocesser (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2008), 31. Daniel Wärn, Dagengruppens historia (Stockholm: Dagengruppen, 2008), 139.

  35. 35.

    Bertil Carlsson, Organisationer och beslutsprocesser (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2008), 72. Jan-Åke Alvarsson, “Kursändring i ledningsstrukturen,” in Vägskäl, eds. Jan-Åke Alvarsson and Nils-Eije Stävare (Skellefteå: Artos, 2015), 138.

  36. 36.

    Dahlgren argues that the 1950s were characterized by “unceasing work to raise money in order to save these businesses.” Curt Dahlgren, Maranata (Helsingborg: Bokförlaget Plus Ultra), 76.

  37. 37.

    Daniel Wärn, Dagengruppens historia (Stockholm: Dagengruppen, 2008), 63. Sverre Larsson, Uppdrag pingst (Uppsala: Livets Ords Förlag, 2002), 61–84.

  38. 38.

    Ibid., 73. The figures come from a memo written by Sverre Larsson. Today’s monetary value is based on the calculator on the website www.historia.se, which is recommended by the Royal Coin Cabinet.

  39. 39.

    Ibid., 63, 70–71, 78–95.

  40. 40.

    Olof Djurfeldt, “1950–talet: Missionsintresset växte i förnyelseväckelsen,” in Pingströrelsen, del 1, ed. Claes Waern (Örebro: Libris, 2007), 213

  41. 41.

    Jan-Åke Alvarsson, “Kursändring i ledningsstrukturen,” in Vägskäl, eds. Jan-Åke Alvarsson and Nils-Eije Stävare (Skellefteå: Artos, 2015), 139. For a thorough analysis of the representation in the board of directors, see Bertil Carlsson, Organisationer och beslutsprocesser (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2008), particularly 73–75.

  42. 42.

    Sven Lidman in Aftonbladet, January 28, 1948, quoted in Arthur Sundstedt, Pingstväckelsen 5 (Stockholm Normans förlag, 1973), 308–313.

  43. 43.

    Sven Lidman, Resan till domen (Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, 1949), 140.

  44. 44.

    Lewi Pethrus, Samlade skrifter – 10. Gå ut på gator och gränder (Stockholm: Filadelfia, 1959 [1949]), 37.

  45. 45.

    Ibid., 47.

  46. 46.

    Ibid., 37, 40.

  47. 47.

    Ibid., 58.

  48. 48.

    Carl-Gustav Carlsson, Människan, samhället och Gud (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2013), 259.

  49. 49.

    “Han var en hövding för allt Guds folk,” Dagen, September 5, 1974. Arne Winerdal, Martin Tornell bakom fasaden (Stockholm: Stanely.se, 2008), 125.

  50. 50.

    Olof Djurfeldt, I Andens vind (Örebro: Libris, 2015), 307.

  51. 51.

    Daniel Hallberg, “Suverän men tillgänglig,” in Så minns vi Lewi Pethrus, ed. Jörgen Källmark (Stockholm: Den kristna bokringen, 1984), 88: “It was my experience on several occasions that Lewi Pethrus was open to arguments. And how valuable that it was possible to reason with him, because it certainly happened that we had differing opinions.”

  52. 52.

    Adrian Holmberg, Lewi Pethrus (Stockholm: Filadelfia), 65.

  53. 53.

    Joseph Mattsson-Boze, “Vardagsmänniskan Lewi Pethrus,” in Så minns vi Lewi Pethrus, ed. Jörgen Källmark (Stockholm: Den kristna bokringen), 204. Arne Winerdal, Martin Tornell bakom fasaden (Stockholm: Stanley.se, 2008), 94.

  54. 54.

    Daniel Hallberg, “Suverän men tillgänglig,” in Så minns vi Lewi Pethrus, ed. Jörgen Källmark (Stockholm: Den kristna bokringen, 1984).

  55. 55.

    Interview with Holger Sjögreen, October 24, 2003. The event happened around 1960.

  56. 56.

    Lewi Pethrus, Den anständiga sanningen (Stockholm: C. E. Fritzes Bokförlag, 1953), 227, 233.

  57. 57.

    These descriptions are from Rikard’s wife Rakel Fris, see Marianne Gäreskog and Roland Gäreskog, Lewi Pethrus i konflikt (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2010), 93.

  58. 58.

    Marianne Gäreskog and Roland Gäreskog, Lewi Pethrus i konflikt (Stockholm: Insamlingsstiftelsen för pingstforskning, 2010), 93. Alf Lindberg, Förkunnarna och deras utbildning (Lund: Lund University Press, 1991), 87.

  59. 59.

    See Chap. 7.

  60. 60.

    An example of this was John Ongman’s reaction to Pethrus’s conflict with Franklin. Correspondence from John Ongman to Lewi Pethrus, December 31, 1929, Lewi Pethrus’s Archive, Swedish National Archives, Stockholm, Sweden. Published in Joel Halldorf, Lewis brev (Örebro: Libris, 2007), 96–97.

  61. 61.

    His criticism of those who did not unreservedly back him during the Lidman conflict is a sign of this, see Joel Halldorf, Lewis brev (Örebro: Libris, 2007), 195–199.

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Halldorf, J. (2020). All About the Money? Saving Souls or Funding CEOs. In: Pentecostal Politics in a Secular World. Christianity and Renewal - Interdisciplinary Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47051-7_8

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