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Patriarchy in Industrial Era Europe: Skeletal Evidence of Male Preference During Growth

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The Bioarchaeology of Structural Violence

Part of the book series: Bioarchaeology and Social Theory ((BST))

Abstract

Structural violence in the form of exposure to poor environments, malnutrition, and labor during childhood can lead to stunted height and increased morbidity and mortality. Studies of skeletal samples from Industrial Era Europe show high levels of stress, suggesting living conditions were strained. While poor conditions negatively impact all children, boys may be particularly disadvantaged, because girls can reserve nutritional components buffering them during times of stress. This research examines skeletal growth in three Industrial European skeletal samples hypothesizing all children will display stunted growth, those from the low SES sample will be most stunted, and boys will exhibit more stunting than girls. Femur length was measured in known-sex juveniles (0–18 years) from low, middle, and high socioeconomic status (SES) samples. Results do show that children in all three samples display stunted growth that increased in severity throughout childhood. However, low SES children are less stunted than their middle and high SES counterparts. This suggests middle and high SES children had the ability to survive through their stressors longer than the lower SES children, allowing their bodies time to accumulate stunted height prior to death, an option not given to the lower SES children. While stunting varied between boys and girls throughout early and young childhood, a clear pattern emerged in all three samples at the age of adolescence with girls severely stunted while boys appear to catch up. This suggests gender preference for adolescent boys gaining better access to higher quality foods, health care, and family support.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Here I use the gendered terms “boys” and “girls” rather than the biological terminology “male” and “female” typically used in scientific writing to demonstrate that, in life, these children were impacted by the gender ideologies of their cultures, which often led to differential treatment and ultimately inequality.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the curators of the museums and universities who allowed me access to the skeletal collections used in this research. Dr. Robert Kruszynski from the Natural History Museum in London, England, gave me access to the Spitalfields Coffin Plate Sample. Dr. Garcia and Dr. Alves from the National Museum of Natural History in Lisbon, Portugal, allowed me access to the Luis Lopez skeletal sample. Dr. Maria Belcastro from the University of Bologna in Bologna, Italy, offered me access to the Bologna skeletal sample.

Funding for this project came from the UMass, Amherst Anthropology Department’s CHESS program through NSF grant IIA-1261172.

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    Sarah Reedy

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    Lori A. Tremblay

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    Sarah Reedy

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Reedy, S. (2020). Patriarchy in Industrial Era Europe: Skeletal Evidence of Male Preference During Growth. In: Tremblay, L.A., Reedy, S. (eds) The Bioarchaeology of Structural Violence. Bioarchaeology and Social Theory. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46440-0_5

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