Abstract
Approximately 2000 species of medicinal and aromatic plants are native to North America. The conservation status of these species is currently being assessed and updated by the IUCN Medicinal Plant Specialist Group and NatureServe, in partnership with the Albuquerque BioPark. Conservation status assessments will contribute to the IUCN Plants for People initiative’s objective to support conservation through species and habitat protection, sustainable wild harvest, and cultivation where warranted.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
AHPA (2017) Good agricultural and collection practices (GACP). American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring. Available via: http://ahpa.org/Resources/GoodAgriculturalandCollectionPractices(GACP).aspx. Accessed 20 June 2018
AHPA (2018) AHPA launches sustainability subcommittee, formalizing ongoing efforts. American Herbal Products Association. http://www.ahpa.org/News/LatestNews/TabId/96/ArtMID/1179/ArticleID/1034/AHPA-launches-sustainability-subcommittee-formalizing-ongoing-efforts.aspx. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
Bauman H, Smith T, Yearsley C (2019) Plants in peril: climate crisis threatens medicinal and aromatic plants. HerbalGram 124:44–59
Brinckmann J, Hughes K (2010) Ethical trading and fair trade certification: the growing market for botanicals with ecological and social certification. HerbalGram 88:46–57
Cech RA (1997) The herbalists’ United Plant Savers. HerbalGram 41:50
CITES (1997) Hydrastis canadensis. Inclusion in Appendix II. United States of America. Consideration of proposals for amendment of appendices I and II. Prop 10.73. Tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties, Conven- tion on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora. Harare, Zimbabwe, June 9–20, 1997. Accessed at: https:www.cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/cop/10/prop/E-CoP10-P-73.pdf. Accessed 20 Mar 2018
CITES (2019) How CITES works. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES). https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/how.php. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
Cunningham AB (2001) Applied ethnobotany: people, wild plant use and conservation. Earthscan, London
Dentali S, Zimmermann M (2012) Tonnage surveys of selected North American wild-harvested plants, 2006–2010. American Herbal Products Association (AHPA), Silver Spring
FairWild Foundation (2010) FairWild Standard version 2.0. Available via https://www.fairwild.org/fairwild-standard-overview. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
Flora of North America (2019) Introduction. http://beta.floranorthamerica.org/Introduction. Accessed 17 Aug 2019
Foster S (1991) Harvesting medicinals from the wild: the need for scientific data on sustainable yields. HerbalGram 24:10–16
Frances A, Khoury C, Smith A (2019) Conservation status and threat assessments of crop wild relatives. In: Greene S, Williams K, Khoury C, Kantar MB, Marek L (eds) Crop wild relatives of North America. Springer, Dordrecht. (in press)
Fraser M-H, Cuerrier A, Haddad PS, Arnason JT, Owen PL, Johns T (2007) Medicinal plants of Cree communities (Quebec, Canada): antioxidant activity of plants used to treat type 2 diabetes symptoms. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 85(11):1200–1214
IUCN (2012a) IUCN Red List categories and criteria: version 3.1, second edition. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/Categories_and_Criteria_en_web%2Bcover%2Bbckcover.pdf. Accessed 23 Mar 2018
IUCN (2012b) Guidelines for application of IUCN Red List criteria at regional and national levels, version 4.0. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/regionalguidelines. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
IUCN (2019a) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org/about/background-history. Accessed 25 Nov 2019
IUCN (2019b) Plants for People. https://www.iucn.org/theme/species/our-work/iucn-red-list-threatened-species/plants-people. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
Jenkins M, Timoshyna A, Cornthwaite M (2018) Wild at home: exploring the global harvest, trade and use of wild plant ingredients. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK. https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/7339/wild-at-home.pdf. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
Leduc C, Coonishish J, Haddad P, Cuerrier A (2006) Plants used by the Cree Nation of Eeyou Istchee (Quebec, Canada) for the treatment of diabetes: a novel approach in quantitative ethnobotany. J Ethnopharmacol 105(1–2):55–63
McGuffin M, Kartesz JT, Leung AY, Tucker AO (eds) (2000) Herbs of commerce, second edition. American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring
Moerman DE (1977) American medical ethnobotany: a reference dictionary. Garland Publishing Company, New York
Moerman DE (1979) Symbols and selectivity: a statistical analysis of Native American medical ethnobotany. J Ethnopharmacol 1:111–119
Moerman DE (1986) Medicinal plants of Native America. Museum of Anthropology of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Moerman DE (1991) The medicinal flora of Native North America: an analysis. J Ethnopharmacol 31:1–42
Moerman DE (2014) Ethnobotany in North America. In: Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3934-5_8580-2
National Cancer Institute (2019) Success story: Taxol® (NSC 125973). Developmental Therapeutics Program. https://dtp.cancer.gov/timeline/flash/success_stories/S2_taxol.htm. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
Native American Ethnobotany DB (2019.) Available via http://naeb.brit.org. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
Native American Ethnobotany: a database of plants used as drugs, foods, dyes, fibers, and more, by native Peoples of North America (2003) History. http://naeb.brit.org/about. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
NatureServe (2019) Our history. https://www.natureserve.org/about-us/our-history. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
NatureServe Explorer (2019) NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. http://explorer.natureserve.org. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
Oliver LE, Leaman DJ (2018) Protecting Goldenseal: how status assessments inform conservation. HerbalGram 119:40–55
Peters CM (1994) Sustainable harvest of non-timber plant resources in tropical moist forest: an ecological primer. USAID Biodiversity Support Program
Peters CM (2018) Sustainable harvest of wild plant populations. HerbalGram 118:44–49
Schippmann U, Leaman D, Cunningham AB (2006) A comparison of cultivation and wild collection of medicinal and aromatic plants under sustainability aspects. In: Bogers RJ, Craker LE, Lange D (eds) Medicinal and aromatic plants. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 75–95
Schippmann U (2019) Medicinal and aromatic plants of the world (MAPROW) database. Not available online
Species+ (2019) UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. https://www.speciesplus.net. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2019) Version 2019-2, ISSN 2307–8235. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
Turi C (2017a) Assessment of USA and Canada distributions. Unpublished research
Turi C (2017b) Preliminary data analysis on the status of Canadian medicinal plants. Unpublished research
United Plant Savers (2019a). https://unitedplantsavers.org. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
United Plant Savers (2019b) Pennsylvania Certified Organic (PCO) is excited to announce the transfer of the PCO Forest Grown Verification Program to United Plant Savers. https://unitedplantsavers.org/pennsylvania-certified-organic-pco-is-excited-to-announce-the-transfer-of-the-pco-forest-grown-verification-program-to-united-plant-savers. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
United Plant Savers (2019c) Species At-Risk list. https://unitedplantsavers.org/species-at-risk-list. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (2012) Conference of the Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Sixteenth Regular Meeting, Taxa Being Considered for Amendments to the CITES Appendices. Federal Register, the Daily Journal of the United States Government 11 April 2012, 77(70):21798–21802. Available via https://www.fws.gov/international/pdf/federal-register-notice-77-fr-21798-extended-version.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2018
Westwood M, Frances A, Man G, Pivorunas D, Potter KM (2017) Coordinating the IUCN Red List of North American tree species: a special session at the USFS gene conservation of tree species workshop. In: Sniezko RA, Man G, Hipkins V, Woeste K, Gwaze D, Kliejunas JT, McTeague BA (tech cords). Gene conservation of tree species—banking on the future. Proceedings of a workshop, Gen Tech Rep PNW-GTR-963. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, pp 12–23
WHO (1999) WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, volume 1. World Health Organization, Geneva
WHO (2002) WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, volume 2. World Health Organization, Geneva
WHO (2007) WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, volume 3. World Health Organization, Geneva
WHO (2009) WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, volume 4. World Health Organization, Geneva
World Flora Online (2019) World Flora Online Consortium. http://about.worldfloraonline.org. Accessed 21 Aug 2019
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Leaman, D.J. (2020). Diversity, Conservation, and Sustainability of North American Medicinal Plants. In: Máthé, Á. (eds) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of North America. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of the World, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44930-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44930-8_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-44928-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-44930-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)