Abstract
An overview of gene-environment interactions (GxE) in psychiatric disorders is provided. GxE occur when genes and the environment work together to cause illness, and GxE research studies how risk for a specific disease is influenced by particular genetic signatures and environmental exposures. GxE is contextualized within the debate of nature versus nurture, the methodological foundations of this research are reviewed, and then the most important GxE findings in six psychiatric disorders are discussed: major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BP), schizophrenia (SCZ), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and alcohol use disorder (AUD). In general, replication of findings has been challenging, and the variance explained has been small. But there are particular genes implicated in interaction with the environment, like the serotonin transporter gene in MDD, COMT in SCZ, DAT1 and DRD4 in ADHD, MAOA in ASPD, and ADH1B and ALDH2 in AUD. Similarly, environmental factors have been implicated in interaction with genes to confer risk, including stressful life events in MDD, cannabis in SCZ, prenatal smoking in ADHD, childhood maltreatment in ASPD, and culture in AUD. Many more individual genes are likely involved, and polygenic risk might also be implicated. There are also likely more environmental risk factors to be found. Future very large-scale studies that systematically collect and examine a wide range of environmental variables – collectively, the exposome – and incorporate these into genome-wide GxE studies could be revealing. Understanding GxE can have tremendous basic science, clinical, and public health implications, and it will undoubtedly be a major research area going forward.
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Abubucker, S., Potash, J.B. (2023). Gene-Environment Interactions. In: Tasman, A., et al. Tasman’s Psychiatry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_54-1
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