Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Glaucoma Associated with Episcleral Venous Pressure

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology

  • 180 Accesses

Abstract

The diagnosis and management of open-angle glaucoma secondary to increased episcleral venous pressure (EVP) can be challenging. There are three general categories of clinical entities associated with elevated EVP. However, the diagnosis can be easily missed if the clinical presentation does not demonstrate evidence of an obvious sing such a pulsatile exophthalmos. Topical and oral glaucoma medications can be used initially to control intraocular pressure (IOP). However, the underlying cause must be resolved to achieve long-term stabilization of IOPs. If unprepared, the unsuspecting ophthalmic surgeon may encounter unexpected intraoperative complication such as choroidal hemorrhage. Moreover, management of some cases may require the involvement of other physicians such as neurologists, neuroradiologist, an oncologist, or a surgeon. These considerations compel the clinician to be fully aware of the basic mechanism of this secondary open-angle glaucoma and the clinical entities associated with elevated EVP.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 5,499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 6,499.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lauber H: Anat 1901; 18:437, quoted by Ascher KW.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Seidel E. Weitere experimentelle Untersuchungen uber die quelle und den Verlauf der intraokularen Saftsrommung. XX: Uber die Messung des Blutdruckes in dem episcleral Venengeflecht, den vorderen ciliar, und den Wirbelvenen normaler Augen. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1923;112:252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ascher KW. The aqueous veins: physiologic importance of the visible elimination of intraocular fluid. Am J Ophthalmol. 1942;25:1174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ascher KW. Aqueous veins: preliminary note. Am J Ophthalmol. 1942;25:31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Weinreb RN, Jeng S, Goldstick BJ. Glaucoma secondary to elevated episcleral venous pressure. In: Ritch R, Shields MB, Krupin T, editors. The glaucomas. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1989. p. 1130.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Duke-Elder S, Wybar KC. The anatomy of the visual system. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Heyreh SS, Baines JAB. Occlusion of the vortex veins: an experimental study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1973;57:217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Yablonski ME, Podos SM. Glaucoma secondary to elevated episcleral venous pressure. In: Ritch R, Shields MB, editors. The secondary glaucomas. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Anderson DR. Vascular supply to the optic nerve of primates. Am J Ophthalmol. 1970;70:341–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Weiss DL. Dual origin of glaucoma in encephalotrigeminal haemangiomatosis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1971;93:477.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Zeimer RC. Episcleral venous pressure. In: Ritch R, Shields MB, Krupin T, editors. The glaucomas. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Brubaker RF. Computer-assisted instruction of current concepts in aqueous humor dynamics. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976;82:59–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kupfer C, Sanderson P. Determination of pseudofacility in the eye of man. Arch Ophthalmol. 1968;80:194–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Brubaker RF. Physiology of aqueous humor formation. In: Drance SM, Neufeld A, editors. Applied pharmacology in the medical treatment of glaucoma. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Maepea O, Bill A. The pressures in the episcleral veins, Schlemm’s canal and the trabecular meshwork in monkeys: effects of changes in intraocular pressure. Exp Eye Res. 1989;49:645–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Weigelin E, Lohlein H. Blutdruckmessungen an den episkleralen Gefassen des Auges bei kreislaufgesunden Personen. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1952;153:202–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Friberg TR, Sanborn G, Weinreb RN. Intraocular and episcleral venous pressure increase during inverted posture. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103:523–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kaskel D, Muller-Breitenkamp R, Williams I, et al. Augeninnendruck, episkleralvenendruck und blutdruck bei anderung der korperlage. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1978;208:217–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Wilke K. Episcleral venous pressure and pregnancy. Acta Ophthalmol. 1975;125(Suppl):40–1.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Talusan ED, Fishbein SL, Schwartz B. Increased pressure of dilated episcleral veins with open-angle glaucoma without exophthalmos. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:257–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kupfer C. Clinical significance of pseudofacility. Am J Ophthalmol. 1973;75:193–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Podos SM, Minas TF, Macr FJ. A new instrument to measure episcleral venous pressure: comparison of normal eyes and eyes with primary open angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1968;80:209–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Brubaker R. Determination of episcleral venous pressure in the eye. Arch Ophthalmol. 1967;77:110–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gaasterland DE, Pederson JE. Episcleral venous pressure: a comparison of invasive and noninvasive measurements. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1983;24:1417–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Goldmann H. Eid Kammerwasservenen und das Poiseuille’sche Gesetz. Ophthalmologica. 1949;118:496.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Seidel E. Weitere experimentelle Untersuchungen uber die quelle und den verlauf der Intraokularen Saftstromung. XX: Mitteilung uber die Messung des Blutdruckes in dem episcleralen Venengeflecht, den vorderen Ciliarund den Wirbelvenen normaler Augen. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1923;115:112.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Zeimer RC, Gieser DK, Wilensky JT, et al. A practical venomanometer: measurement of episcleral venous pressure and assessment of the normal range. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983;101:1447–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Krakau CET, Widakowich J, Wilke K. Measurements of the episcleral venous pressure by means of an air jet. Acta Ophthalmol. 1973;51:185–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Widakowich J. Episcleral venous pressure and flow dynamics. Acta Ophthalmol. 1976;54:500–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Stepanik J. Neues Verfahren zur Bestimmung des extrokularen episcleralen Venendruckes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1969;177:116–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Phelps CD, Thompson HS, Ossoinig KC. The diagnosis and prognosis of atypical carotid-cavernous fistula (red-eyed shunt syndrome). Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;93:423–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Flanagan JC. Vascular problems of the orbit. Symposium: tumors of the lids and orbit. Ophthalmology. 1979;86:896–913.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Miller N. Walsh and Hoyt’s clinical neuro-ophthalmology. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Jorgensen JS, Guthoff R. Ophthalmoscopic findings in spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula: an analysis of 20 patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1988;226:34–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Graf CJ. Spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and related conditions. Arch Neurol. 1965;13:662.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Rios-Montenegro EN, Behrens MM, Hoyt WF. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: association with bilateral carotid rete mirabile and unilateral carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. Arch Neurol. 1972;26:151–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Jorgensen JS, Guthoff R. Die Rolle des episkleralen Venendrucks bei der Entstehung von Sekundarglaukomen. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1988;193:471–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Slusher MM, Lennington RB, Weaver RG, et al. Ophthalmic findings in dural arteriovenous shunts. Ophthalmology. 1979;86:720–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Flaharty PM, Lief WE, Sergott RC, et al. Color Doppler imaging: a new noninvasive technique to diagnose and monitor carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109:522–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sergott RC, Grossman RI, Savino PJ, et al. The syndrome of paradoxical worsening of dural-cavernous sinus arteriovenous malformation. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:205–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Solymosi L. Treatment of carotid cavernous fistulas. Klin Monatsbl Augeneilkd. 2004;221:904.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hanneken AM, Miller NR, Debrun GM, et al. Treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas using a detachable balloon catheter through the superior ophthalmic vein. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:87–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Wu ZX, Wang ZC. Treatment of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula with detachable balloon. Chin Med J. 1990;103:840–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Barrow DL, Fleisher AS, Hoffman JC. Complications of detachable balloon catheter technique in the treatment of traumatic intracranial arterviovenous fistulas. J Neurosurg. 1982;56:396–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Fiore PH, Latina MA, Shingleton BJ, et al. The dural shunt syndrome. I. Management of glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Guoxiang S, Wenfang T, Dongfang Q. Surgical treatment of orbital varices. Chin Med J. 1979;92:723.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Rathbun JE, Hoyt WF, Beard C. Surgical management of orbitofrontal varix in Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1970;70:109–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Duke-Elder S, MacFaul PA. System of ophthalmology. The Ocular Adnexa. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Bullock JD, Goldberg SH, Connelly PJ. Orbital varix thrombosis. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:251–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. White JH, Fox AJ, Symons SP. Diagnosis and anatomic mapping of an orbital varix by computed tomographic angiography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:4945–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Winter J, Centeno RS, Bentson JR. Maneuver to aid diagnosis of orbital varix by computed tomography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1982;3:39–40.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Jorgensen JS. Ein Ungewohnlicher Fall: Episklerale und orbitale Varizen. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1987;191:146–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Osborn RE, DeWitt JD, Lester PD, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of an orbital varix with CT and ultrasound correlation. Comput Radiol. 1986;10:155–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Rosenblum P, Zilkha A. Sudden visual loss secondary to an orbital varix. Surv Ophthalmol. 1978;23:49–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Lieb WE, Merton DA, Shields JA, et al. Colour Doppler imaging in the demonstration of an orbital varix. Br J Ophthalmol. 1990;74:305–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. McCord CD, Spitalny LA. Localized orbital varices. Arch Ophthalmol. 1968;80:455–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Golan A, Savir H, Matz S. Intermittent exophthalmos due to orbital varicose vein accompanied by varicose vein of the legs. Ann Ophthalmol. 1976;8:61–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Takecki A, et al. Embolization for orbital varix. Neuroradiology. 1994;36:487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Handa H, Mori K. Large varix of the superior ophthalmic vein: demonstration by angular phlebography and removal by electrically induced thrombosis: case reports. J Neurosurg. 1968;29:202–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Salmenson BD, Gelfand YA, Welsh NH, et al. Orbital varix: an unusual cause of proptosis: a case report. S Afr Med J. 1988;74:529–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Sales MJ, Frise P, Roux FX, et al. Les varices orbitaires-A propos d’une observation. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr. 1989;11:1287–91.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Kollarits C, Gaasterland D, DiChiro G, et al. Management of a patient with orbital varices, visual loss, and ipsilateral glaucoma. Ophthalmic Surg. 1977;8:54–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Alexander GL, Norman RM. The Sturge-Weber syndrome. Bristol: John Wright & Sons; 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Phelps CD. The pathogenesis of glaucoma in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1978;85:276–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Font RL, Ferry AP. The phakomatoses. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 1972;12:1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Miller SJH. Symposium: the Sturge-Weber syndrome. Proc R Soc Med. 1963;56:419.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Cibis GW, Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ. Glaucoma in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:1061–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Bayoumi NHL, Elsayed EN. Glaucoma in children with facial port wine stain. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2018;19:1120672118819668.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Sujansky E, Conradi S. Outcome of Sturge-Weber syndrome in 52 adults. Am J Med Genet. 1995;57:35–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Iwach A, Hoskins HD, Hetherington J, et al. Analysis of surgical and medical management of glaucoma in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:904–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Enjolras O, Riche MC, Merland JJ. Facial port-wine stains and Sturge-Weber syndrome. Pediatrics. 1985;76:48–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Uram M, Zubillaga C. The cutaneous manifestations of Sturge-Weber syndrome. J Clin Neuroopthalmol. 1982;2:245–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Danis P. Aspects ophtalmologiques des angiomatose du systeme nerveus. Acta Neurol Psychiatr Belg. 1950;50:615–79.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Witschel H, Font R. Hemangioma of the choroid: a clinicopathologic study of 71 cases and a review of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol. 1976;20:415–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Board RJ, Shields MB. Combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy for the management of glaucoma associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Ophthalmol Surg. 1981;12:813–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Teekhasaenee C, Ritch R. Glaucoma in phakomatosis pigmentovascularis. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:150–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Kramer W. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. In: Vinken PJ, Bruyn GW, editors. Handbook of clinical neurology. The phakomatoses. New York: Elsevier; 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Purkait R, Samanta T, Sinhamahapatra T, Chatterjee M. Overlap of Sturge-Weber syndrome and klippel-trenaunay syndrome. Indian J Dermatol. 2011;56(6):755–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Lee CW, Choi DY, Oh YG, Yoon HS, Kim JD. An infantile case of Sturge-Weber syndrome in association with Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome and phakomatosis pigmentovascularis. J Korean Med Sci. 2005;20(6):1082–4. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2005.20.6.1082.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Kentab AY. Klippel-Trenaunay and Sturge-Weber overlapping syndrome in a Saudi boy. Sudan J Paediatr. 2016;16(2):86–92.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Deutsch J, Weissenbacher G, Widhalm K, Wolf G, Barsegar B. Combination of the syndrome of Sturge-Weber and the syndrome of Klippel-Trenaunay. Klin Padiatr. 1976;188(5):464–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Rahman M, Rahman S, Rahman M, Akjter S, Kawser C. Overlapping of Sturge Weber syndrome and Klippel Trenaunay Weber syndrome. Mymensing Med J. 2008;17(1):78–81.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Pillai MR, Hasini PP, Ahuja A, Krishnadas SR. A rare case of overlapping Sturge-Weber syndrome and Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome associated with bilateral refractory childhood glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2017;65(7):623–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Barkan O. Goniotomy for glaucoma associated with nevus flammeus. Am J Ophthalmol. 1957;43:545–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. O’Brien CS, Porter WC. Glaucoma and nevus flammeus. Arch Ophthalmol. 1933;9:715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Dickens CJ, Hoskins HD. Developmental glaucoma. In: Isenberg SJ, editor. The eye in infancy. Chicago: Year Book Medical; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Mwinula J, Sagawa T, Tawara A, Inomata H. Anterior chamber angle vascularization in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1994;232:387–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Akaban N, Hamaka T. Histopathological studyof a case with glaucoma due to Sturge-Weber syndrome. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2003;47.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Baikoff G, Colin J, Bechetoille A, et al. Maladie de Sturge-Weber et glaucome. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr. 1980;80:395.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Jorgensen JS, Guthoff R. Sturge-Weber-syndrom: Glaukom mit erhohtem episkleralen Venendruck. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1987;191:275–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Spencer WH. Glaucoma. In: Spencer WH, editor. Ophthalmic pathology: an atlas and textbook. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Javaid U, Ali MH, Jamal S, Butt NH. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of glaucoma associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Int Ophthalmol. 2018;38(1):409–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Ong T, Chia A, Nischal KK. Latanoprost in port wine stain related paediatric glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2003;87(9):1091–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Yang CB, Freedman SF, Myers JS, Buckley EG, Herndon LW, Allingham RR. Use of latanoprost in the treatment of glaucoma associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;126:600–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Wygnanski-Jaffe T, Spierer A, Melamed S, Ben-Zion I. The effect of oral propranolol on intraocular pressure in infants with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2015;25(2):134–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Mandal AK. Primary combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy for early onset glaucoma in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:1621–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Sood D, Rathore A, Sood I, Kumar D, Sood NN. Long-term intraocular pressure after combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy in glaucoma associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2018;28:210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Kaushik J, Parihar JKS, Jain VK, Mathur V. Ahmed valve implantation in childhood glaucoma associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome: our experience. Eye (Lond). 2019;33(3):464–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Shibab ZM, Kristan RW. Recurrent intraoperative choroidal effusion in Sturge-Weber syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1983;20:250–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Theodossiadis G, Damanakis A, Kousandrea CH. Aderhauteffusion wahrend einer antiglaukomatosen Operation bei einem Kind mit Sturge-Weber-Syndrom. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1985;186:300–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Bellows AR, Chylack LT, Epstein DL. Choroidal effusion during glaucoma surgery in patients with prominent episcleral vessels. Arch Opthalmol. 1979;97:493–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Eibschiz-Tsimhoni M, et al. Assessing the need for posterior sclerotomy at the time of filtering surgery in patient with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1361–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Ali MA, Fahmy IA, Spaeth GL. Trabeculectomy for glaucoma associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Ophthalmic Surg. 1990;21:352–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Board RJ, Shields MB. Combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy for the management of glaucoma associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Ophthalmic Surg. 1981;12:813–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Wagner RS, Caputo AR, Negro RG, et al. Trabeculectomy with cyclocryotherapy for infantile glaucoma in the Sturge-Weber syndrome. Ann Ophthalmol. 1988;20:289–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Agarwal HC, Sandramouli S, Sihota R, Sood N. Sturge-Weber syndrome: management of glaucoma with combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy. Ophthalmic Surg. 1993;24:399–402.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Elgin U, Simsek T, Batman A. Use of the ex-press miniature glaucoma implant in a child with Sturge-Weber syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2007;44(4):248–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Celebi S, Alagoz G, Aykan U. Ocular findings in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2000;10:239–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Hamush NG, Coleman AL, Wilson MR. Ahmed glaucoma valve implant for management of glaucoma in Sturge-Weber syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;128:758–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Budenz DL, et al. Two-staged Baerveldt glaucoma implant for childhood glaucoma associated with Stuge-Weber syndrome. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:2105–10.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Keverline PO, Hiles DA. Trabeculectomy for adolescent onset glaucoma in the Sturge-Weber syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol. 1976;13:144–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Mandal A, Walton D, John T, Jayagandan A. Mitomycin C-augmented trabeculectomy in refractor congenital glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:996–1001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Mohamed TH, Salman AG, Elshinawy RF. Trabeculectomy with Ologen implant versus mitomycin C in congenital glaucoma secondary to Sturge Weber syndrome. Int J Ophthalmol. 2018;11(2):251–5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Chen HS-L, Ritch R, Krupin T, Hsu W-C. Control of filtering bleb structure through tissue bioengineering: an animal model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(12):5310–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Michelsen WJ, Hilal SK, Stern J. The management of arteriovenous malformations of the orbit. In: Jakobiec FA, editor. Ocular and adnexal tumors. Birmington: Aesculapius; 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Howard GM, Jakobiec FA, Michelsen WJ. Orbital arteriovenous malformation with secondary capillary angiomatosis treated by embolization with silastic liquid. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:1136–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Murali R, Berenstein A, Hirschfeld A. Intraorbital arteriovenous malformation with spontaneous thrombosis. Ann Ophthalmol. 1981;13:457–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Levy JV, Zemek L. Ophthalmic arteriovenous malformation. Am J Ophthalmol. 1966;62:971–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Terry TL, Fred GB. Abnormal arteriovenous communication in the orbit involving the angular vein. Arch Ophthalmol. 1938;19:90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Nordmann PJ, Lobstein A, Gerhard JP. A propos de 14 cas de glaucome par hypertension veineuse d’origine extraoculaire. Ophthalmologica. 1961;142:501.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Bietti PGB, Vanni V. Glaucome secondaire à une obstruction veineuse extraoculaire. Ophthalmologica. 1961;142:227–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Cant JS, Wilson TM. The ocular and orbital circulations in dysthyroid ophthalmopathy. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1974;94:416–29.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Manor RS, Kurz O, Lewitus Z. Intraocular pressure in endocrinological patients with exophthalmos. Ophthalmolgica. 1974;168:241–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Bouzas AG. The montgomery lecture, 1980. Endocrine ophthalmopathy. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK. 1980;100(51):511–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Alfano JE, Alfano PA. Glaucoma and the superior vena caval obstruction syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. 1956;42:685–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Lokich JJ, Goodman R. Superior vena cava syndrome. JAMA. 1975;231:58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Meyer O. Inflammatory jugular phlebostenosis as the cause of glaucoma exogenicum. Br J Ophthalmol. 1946;30:682.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Bedrossian EH. Increased intraocular pressure secondary to mediastinal syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1952;47:641–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Etienne R. Chronic glaucoma and hypertension of the pulmonary artery. Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr. 1957;70:510–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Bettelheim H. Der episklerale venendruck bei pulmonaler hypertension. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1969;177:108–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Brismar G, Brismar J. Aseptic thrombosis of orbital veins and cavernous sinus. Acta Ophthalmol. 1977;55:9–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Watson PG, Hayreh SS. Scleritis and episcleritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1976;60:163.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  133. Robin AL, Pollack IP. Argon laser trabeculoplasty in secondary forms of open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1983;101:382–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Weinreb RN. Adjusting the dose of 5-fluorouracil after filtration surgery to minimize side effects. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:564–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Grech L, Mifsud A, Caruana M, Carbonaro F. A case of advanced glaucoma with increased episcleral venous pressure in a 17-year-old with Eisenmenger syndrome. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med. 2017;2017:5808047.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  136. Rhee DJ, Gupta M, Moncavage MB, Moster ML, Moster MR. Idiopathic elevated episcleral venous pressure and open-angle glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93(2):231–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Radius RL, Maumenee E. Dilated episcleral vessels and open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978;86:31–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Jorgensen JS, Guthoff R. Zur Genese der einseitig dilatierten episkleralen Gefase und Erhohung des intraokularen Drucks. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1987;190:428–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Bigger JF. Glaucoma with elevated episcleral venous pressure. South Med J. 1975;68:1444–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Jorgensen JS, Payer H. Erhohter episkleraler Venendruck bei uvealer effusion. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1989;195:14–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Parikh RS, Desai S, Kothari K. Dilated episcleral veins with secondary open angle glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2011;59(2):153–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  142. Rong X, Li M. Advanced glaucoma secondary to bilateral idiopathic dilated episcleral veins – a case report. BMC Ophthalmol. 2018;18(1):207.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  143. Bhagat N, Lim JI, Minckler DS, Green RL. Posterior uveal effusion syndrome after trabeculectomy in an eye with ocular venous congestion. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(1):153–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.88.1.153.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Kopczynski CC, Heah T. Netarsudil ophthalmic solution 0.02% for the treatments of patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Drugs Today. 2018;54:467–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Kiel JW, Kopczynski CC. Effect of AR-13324 on episcleral venous pressure in Dutch belted rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2015;31:146–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  146. Kazemi A, McLaren JW, Kopczynski CC, Heah TG, Novack GD, Sit AJ. The effects of netarsudil ophthalmic solution on aqueous humor dynamics in a randomized study in humans. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2018;34:380–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  147. Sponsel WE, Mensah J, Kiel JW, Remky A, Trigo Y, Baca W, Friberg T. Effects of latanoprost and timolol-XE on hydrodynamics in the normal eye. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;130:151–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Kish T. Old and new drug classes expanding to include glaucoma treatments. Pharm Ther. 2018;43:489–502.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Crowston JG, Aihara M, Lindsey JD, Weinreb RN. Effect of latanoprost on outflow facility in the mouse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004;45:2240–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Aliancy J, Stamer WD, Wirostko B. A review of nitric oxide for the treatment of glaucomatous disease. Ophthalmol Therapy. 2017;6:221–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Krupin T, Weiss A, Becker B, Holmberg N, Fritz C. Increased intraocular pressure following topical azide or nitroprusside. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1977;16:1002–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Funk RH, Gehr J, Rohen JW. Short-term hemodynamic changes in episcleral arteriovenous anastomoses correlate with venous pressure and iOp changes in the albino rabbit. Curr Eye Res. 1996;15:87–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Zamora DO, Kiel JW. Episcleral venous pressure responses to topical nitroprusside and N-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:1614–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  154. Cavet ME, DeCory HH. The role of nitric oxide in the intraocular pressure lowering efficacy of latanoprostene bunod: review of nonclinical studies. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2018;34:52–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Weinreb RN, Scassellati Sforzolini B, Vittitow J, Liebmann J. Latanoprostene bunod 0.024% versus timolol maleate 0.5% in Subjects with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Apollo Study Opthalmol. 2016;125:965–73.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Roy Chowdhury U, Rinkoski TA, Bahler CK, Millar JC, Bertrand JA, Holman BH, et al. Effect of Cromakalim Prodrug 1 (CKLP1) on aqueous humor dynamics and feasibility of combination therapy with existing ocular hypotensive agents. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:5731–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  157. Rodrigo GC, Standen NB. ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Curr Pharm Des. 2015;11:1915–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Pradhan ZS, Kuruvilla A, Jacob P. Surgical management of glaucoma secondary to idiopathic elevated episcleral venous pressure. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2015;8(2):120–1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  159. Richter GM, Coleman AL. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery: current status and future prospects. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016;10:189–206.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  160. Golnik KC, Miller NR. The diagnosis of carotid- cavernous sinus fistulas by ocular pulse amplitude. Presented at the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society Meeting, Park City, Utah; 1991

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Perleman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Hannah Schultz

  2. Office of Inclusion and Diversity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Dominique Alexis

  3. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Eve Juliet Higginbotham

Authors
  1. Hannah Schultz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dominique Alexis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Eve Juliet Higginbotham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eve Juliet Higginbotham .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science, Portland, OR, USA

    Daniel M. Albert

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Joan W. Miller

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Dimitri T. Azar

  4. Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Lucy H. Young

Section Editor information

  1. New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, USA

    James C. Tsai

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA

    Yang Sun

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Schultz, H., Alexis, D., Higginbotham, E.J. (2022). Glaucoma Associated with Episcleral Venous Pressure. In: Albert, D.M., Miller, J.W., Azar, D.T., Young, L.H. (eds) Albert and Jakobiec's Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42634-7_180

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42634-7_180

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-42633-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-42634-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation