Abstract
A series of structurally related epoxy resins were prepared as model systems for the investigation of the shape memory response, tailoring their thermo-mechanical response and describing their strain evolution under triggering stimuli with a thermo-viscoelastic model. The shape memory behavior on epoxy resin was modeled through the definition of linear viscoelastic parameters, in combination with the general time-temperature reduction scheme. Specifically, this translates into the definition of a hyperelastic response enriched with a Prony series to implement time dependency and a William-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation to implement temperature dependency. While the hyperelastic response parameters are found with a standard fitting procedure on compression tests, finding the correct parameters for the Prony series might be challenging. For this reason, an ad-hoc optimization process was coded in Mathworks Matlab environment: proper guess values are created and then a chain of constrained optimizers (such as genetic, particle swarm, pattern search and different non-linear programming algorithms) with smart evolving boundaries looks for the right set of parameters. The ability to correctly predict strain history and shape transitions with a finite element model was evaluated on a case study for self-deployment of a folded tubular structure. Tubular specimens were tested and the model was used to reproduce the switching from a temporary folded six-pointed star shape to their original cylindrical shape. Overall, this approach proved to be a very effective way to simulate complex shape memory responses in time and temperature domains, for which standard Dynamic Mechanical Analyses (DMA) and uniaxial tensile or compression tests are sufficient to calibrate material parameters for Finite Element (FE) implementation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Sun, L., et al.: Stimulus-responsive shape memory materials: a review. Mater. Des. 33, 577–640 (2012)
Zhou, Y., Huang, W.M.: Shape memory effect in polymeric materials: mechanisms and optimization. Proc. IUTAM 12, 83–92 (2015)
Leng, J., Lan, X., Liu, Y., Du, S.: Shape-memory polymers and their composites: stimulus methods and applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 56(7), 1077–1135 (2011)
Hu, J., Zhu, Y., Huang, H., Lu, J.: Recent advances in shape–memory polymers: structure, mechanism, functionality, modeling and applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 37(12), 1720–1763 (2012)
Pandini, S., Avanzini, A., Battini, D., Berardi, M., Baldi, F., Bignotti, F.: Shape memory behavior of epoxy-based model materials: tailoring approaches and thermo-mechanical modeling. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1736, pp. 020175-1–020175-4 (2016)
Xie, T., Rousseau, I.A.: Facile tailoring of thermal transition temperatures of epoxy shape memory polymers. Polymer 50(8), 1852–1856 (2009)
Xie, F., Huang, L., Leng, J., Liu, Y.: Thermoset shape memory polymers and their composites. J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 27(18), 2433–2455 (2016)
Karger-Kocsis, J., Kéki, S.: Review of progress in shape memory epoxies and their composites. Polymers 10(1), 1–38 (2017)
Santhosh Kumar, K.S., Biju, R., Reghunadhan Nair, C.P.: Progress in shape memory epoxy resins. React. Funct. Polym. 73(2), 421–430 (2013)
Aggogeri, F., Avanzini, A., Borboni, A., Pandini, S.: A robot gripper in polymeric material for solid micro-meso parts. Int. J. Autom. Technol. 11(2), 311–321 (2017)
Arrieta, J.S., Diani, J., Gilormini, P.: Experimental and modelling studies of the shape memory properties of amorphous polymer network composites. Smart Mater. Struct. 23(9), 095009 (2014)
Diani, J., Gilormini, P., Frédy, C., Rousseau, I.: Predicting thermal shape memory of crosslinked polymer networks from linear viscoelasticity. Int. J. Solids Struct. 49(5), 793–799 (2012)
Arrieta, S., Diani, J., Gilormini, P.: Experimental characterization and thermoviscoelastic modeling of strain and stress recoveries of an amorphous polymer network. Mech. Mater. 68, 95–103 (2014)
Kuki, Á., Czifrák, K., Karger-Kocsis, J., Zsuga, M., Kéki, S.: An approach to predict the shape-memory behavior of amorphous polymers from Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) data. Mech. Time-Depend. Mater. 19(1), 87–93 (2015)
Ghobadi, E., Sivanesapillai, R., Musialak, J., Steeb, H.: Modeling based characterization of thermorheological properties of polyurethane ESTANE TM. Int. J. Polym. Sci. 2016, 1–11 (2016)
Pandini, S., Bignotti, F., Baldi, F., Sartore, L., Consolati, G., Panzarasa, G.: Thermomechanical and large deformation behaviors of antiplasticized epoxy resins: effect of material formulation and network architecture. Polym. Eng. Sci. 57(6), 553–565 (2017)
Christensen, R.M.: Theory of Viscoelasticity: An Introduction. Academic Press, New York (1982)
Bergström, J., Bergström, J.: Linear viscoelasticity. In: Mechanics of Solid Polymers, pp. 309–351 (2015)
Findley, W.N., Lai, J.S., Onaran, K.: Creep and Relaxation of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Materials, with an Introduction to Linear Viscoelasticity. North-Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam (1976)
Park, S.W., Schapery, R.A.: Methods of interconversion between linear viscoelastic material functions. Part I—a numerical method based on Prony series. Int. J. Solids Struct. 36(11), 1653–1675 (1999)
O’Haver, T.: A pragmatic introduction to signal processing with applications in scientific measurement, June 2019. https://terpconnect.umd.edu/~toh/spectrum
Pollock, D.S.G.: Handbook of Time Series Analysis, Signal Processing, and Dynamics. Elsevier, Amsterdam (1999)
Rios, L.M., Sahinidis, N.V.: Derivative-free optimization: a review of algorithms and comparison of software implementations. J. Global Optim. 56(3), 1247–1293 (2013)
Das, S., Suganthan, P.N.: Differential evolution: a survey of the state-of-the-art. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 15(1), 4–31 (2011)
Huang, W.M., Yang, B., Liu, N., Phee, S.J.: Water-responsive programmable shape memory polymer devices. In: International Conference on Smart Materials and Nanotechnology in Engineering, vol. 6423, no. November 2007, p. 64231S (2007)
Azra, C., Plummer, C.J.G., Månson, J.-A.E.: Isothermal recovery rates in shape memory polyurethanes. Smart Mater. Struct. 20(8), 082002 (2011)
Azra, C., Plummer, C.J.G., Månson, J.-A.E.: Dynamic mechanical analysis for rapid assessment of the time-dependent recovery behavior of shape memory polymers. Smart Mater. Struct. 22(7), 075037 (2013)
Avanzini, A., Battini, D.: Structural analysis of a stented pericardial heart valve with leaflets mounted externally. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H: J. Eng. Med. 228(10), 985–995 (2014)
Avanzini, A., Battini, D.: FEM simulation of subintimal angioplasty for the treatment of chronic total occlusions. Math. Probl. Eng. 2018, 1–13 (2018)
Avanzini, A., Battini, D.: Integrated experimental and numerical comparison of different approaches for planar biaxial testing of a hyperelastic material. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2016, 1–12 (2016)
Rivlin, R.S.: Large elastic deformations of isotropic materials. IV. Further developments of the general theory. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 241(October), 379–397 (1948)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Battini, D., Avanzini, A., Pandini, S., Bignotti, F. (2020). Modeling Approach and Finite Element Analyses of a Shape Memory Epoxy-Based Material. In: Carcaterra, A., Paolone, A., Graziani, G. (eds) Proceedings of XXIV AIMETA Conference 2019. AIMETA 2019. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41057-5_56
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41057-5_56
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-41056-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-41057-5
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)