Abstract
Computerized 3D modelled spaces are thought to be reliable imitations of Real Environments (REs). Depth perception in displayed Virtual 3D Environments (VEs) is a controversial issue. The present work compared both egocentric and allocentric distances in a RE and a VE. Results showed more errors in the VE (underestimations) than in the RE (overestimations), and a gender effect in the different environments mediated by Mental Rotation ability. Findings suggested that spatial and perceptual processing underlying artificial 3D modelled space may not be similar to cognitive spatial processes in REs.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abele, E., Chryssolouris, G., Sihn, W., Metternich, J., ElMaraghy, H., Seliger, G., et al.: Learning factories for future oriented research and education in manufacturing. CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol. 66(2), 803–826 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2017.05.005
Alexandrova, I.V., Teneva, P.T., de la Rosa, S., Kloos, U., Bülthoff, H.H., Mohler, B.J.: Egocentric distance judgments in a large screen display immersive virtual environment. In: Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (APGV 2010), pp. 57–60 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1145/1836248.1836258
Ardila, A.: Origins of Spatial Abilities, pp. 43–59. Springer, Singapore (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6887-4_3
Armbrüster, C., Wolter, M., Kuhlen, T., Spijkers, W., Fimm, B.: Depth perception in virtual reality: distance estimations in peri and extrapersonal space. Cyberpsychol. Behav.: Impact Internet, Multimedia Virtual Reality Behav. Soc. 11(1), 9–15 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9935
Arthur, K.W., Booth, K.S., Ware, C.: Evaluating 3D task performance for fish tank virtual worlds. ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 11(3), 239–265 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1145/159161.155359
Aznar-Casanova, J.A., Matsushima, E.H., Ribeiro-Filho, N.P., Da Silva, J.A.: One-dimensional and multi-dimensional studies of the exocentric distance estimates in frontoparallel plane, virtual space, and outdoor open field. Span. J. Psychol. 9(02), 273–284 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1017/S113874160000617X
Baena, F., Guarin, A., Mora, J., Sauza, J., Retat, S.: Learning factory: the path to industry 4.0. Procedia Manuf. 9, 73–80 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.04.022
Barr, D.J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., Tily, H.J.: Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: keep it maximal. J. Mem. Lang. 68(3), 255–278 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., Walker, S.: lme4: linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R Package Version 1(7), 1–23 (2014)
Carassa, A., Geminiani, G.C., Morganti, F., Varotto, D.: Active and passive spatial learning in a complex virtual environment: the effect of efficient exploration. Cogn. Process. 3(4), 65–81 (2002)
Clark, A.: Visual awareness and visuomotor action. J. Conscious. Stud. 6(11–12), 1–18 (1999)
Creem-Regehr, S.H., Stefanucci, J.K., Thompson, W.B., Nash, N., McCardell, M.: Egocentric distance perception in the Oculus Rift (DK2). In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Applied Perception - SAP 2015, pp. 47–50. ACM Press, New York (2015). https://doi.org/10.1145/2804408.2804422
Cutting, J.E., Vishton, P.M.: Perceiving layout and knowing distances: the integration, relative potency, and contextual use of different information about depth. In: Perception of Space and Motion, pp. 69–117 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012240530-3/50005-5
Dan, A., Reiner, M.: Reduced mental load in learning a motor visual task with virtual 3D method. J. Comput. Assist. Learn. 34(1), 84–93 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12216
Fernandez-Baizan, C., Arias, J.L., Mendez, M.: Spatial memory in young adults: gender differences in egocentric and allocentric performance. Behav. Brain Res. 359, 694–700 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2018.09.017
Fox, J., Arena, D., Bailenson, J.N.: Virtual reality. J. Media Psychol. 21(3), 95–113 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105.21.3.95
Gaunet, F., Vidal, M., Kemeny, A., Berthoz, A.: Active, passive and snapshot exploration in a virtual environment: influence on scene memory, reorientation and path memory. Cogn. Brain. Res. 11(3), 409–420 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(01)00013-1
Gilinsky, A.S.: Perceived size and distance in visual space. Psychol. Rev. 58(6), 460–482 (1951). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0061505
Gopher, D.: Skill training in multimodal virtual environments. Work 41(Supplement 1), 2284–2287 (2012). https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-0452-2284
Graham, S.M., Joshi, A., Pizlo, Z.: The traveling salesman problem: a hierarchical model. Mem. Cogn. 28(7), 1191–1204 (2000). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211820
Hakala, J., Kätsyri, J., Häkkinen, J.: Stereoscopy amplifies emotions elicited by facial expressions. i-Perception 6(6), 1–17 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/2041669515615071
Heeter, C.: Being there: the subjective experience of presence. Presence: Teleoper. Virtual Environ. 1(2), 262–271 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1992.1.2.262
Hyde, J.S.: Sex and cognition: gender and cognitive functions. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 38, 53–56 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2016.02.007
Hyde, J.S., Bigler, R.S., Joel, D., Tate, C.C., van Anders, S.M.: The future of sex and gender in psychology: five challenges to the gender binary. Am. Psychol. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000307
Iachini, T., Coello, Y., Frassinetti, F., Senese, V.P., Galante, F., Ruggiero, G.: Peripersonal and interpersonal space in virtual and real environments: effects of gender and age. J. Environ. Psychol. 45, 154–164 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.01.004
Iachini, T., Ruggiero, G.: Egocentric and allocentric spatial frames of reference: a direct measure. Cogn. Process. 7(S1), 126–127 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-006-0100-8
Iachini, T., Ruotolo, F., Ruggiero, G.: The effects of familiarity and gender on spatial representation. J. Environ. Psychol. 29(2), 227–234 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.07.001
Indow, T.: The Global Structure of Visual Space. World Scientific (2004). Structure
Jansen-Osmann, P., Berendt, B.: Investigating distance knowledge using virtual environments. Environ. Behav. 34(2), 178–193 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916502034002002
Josman, N., Schenirderman, A.E., Klinger, E., Shevil, E.: Using virtual reality to evaluate executive functioning among persons with schizophrenia: a validity study. Schizophr. Res. 115(2–3), 270–277 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.015
Keebler, J.R., Jentsch, F., Schuster, D.: The effects of video game experience and active stereoscopy on performance in combat identification tasks. Hum. Factors 56(8), 1482–1496 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720814535248
Kelly, J.W., Cherep, L.A., Siegel, Z.D.: Perceived space in the HTC vive. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. 15(1), 1–16 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1145/3106155
Kelly, J.W., Donaldson, L.S., Sjolund, L.A., Freiberg, J.B.: More than just perception-action recalibration: Walking through a virtual environment causes rescaling of perceived space. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 75(7), 1473–1485 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-013-0503-4
Kelly, J.W., Hammel, W., Sjolund, L.A., Siegel, Z.D.: Frontal extents in virtual environments are not immune to underperception. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 77(6), 1848–1853 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-015-0948-8
Knapp, J.M., Loomis, J.M.: Limited field of view of head-mounted displays is not the cause of distance underestimation in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoper. Virtual Environ. 13(5), 572–577 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1162/1054746042545238
Kunz, B.R., Wouters, L., Smith, D., Thompson, W.B., Creem-Regehr, S.H.: Revisiting the effect of quality of graphics on distance judgments in virtual environments: a comparison of verbal reports and blind walking. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 71(6), 1284–1293 (2009). https://doi.org/10.3758/APP.71.6.1284
Kuznetsova, A., Christensen, R.H.B., Bavay, C., Brockhoff, P.B.: Automated mixed ANOVA modeling of sensory and consumer data. Food Qual. Prefer. 40, 31–38 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.08.004
Lackner, J.R.: Motion sickness: more than nausea and vomiting. Exp. Brain Res. 232(8), 2493–2510 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-014-4008-8
Lee, S., Kim, G.J.: Effects of visual cues and sustained attention on spatial presence in virtual environments based on spatial and object distinction. Interact. Comput. 20(4–5), 491–502 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2008.07.003
Lenth, R.V.: Least-squares means: the R package lsmeans. J. Stat. Softw. 69(1), 1–33 (2016). https://www.jstatsoft.org/article/view/v069i01/v69i01.pdf. Accessed 7 Jan 2019
Lombard, M., Ditton, T.: At the heart of it all: the concept of presence. J. Comput. Mediat. Commun. 3(2) (2006). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00072.x
Loomis, J., Knapp, J.: Visual perception of egocentric distance in real and virtual environments. Virtual Adapt. Environ. 11, 21–46 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781410608888
Loomis, J.M., Blascovich, J.J., Beall, A.C.: Immersive virtual environment technology as a basic research tool in psychology. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput. 31(4), 557–564 (1999). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200735
Loomis, J.M., da Silva, J.A., Philbeck, J.W., Fukusima, S.S.: Visual perception of location and distance. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 5(1985), 72–77 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772783
Menchaca-Brandan, M.A., Liu, A.M., Oman, C.M., Natapoff, A.: Influence of perspective-taking and mental rotation abilities in space teleoperation. In: Proceeding of the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction - HRI 2007, p. 271. ACM Press, New York (2007). https://doi.org/10.1145/1228716.1228753
Nori, R., Piccardi, L., Maialetti, A., Goro, M., Rossetti, A., Argento, O., Guariglia, C.: No gender differences in egocentric and allocentric environmental transformation after compensating for male advantage by manipulating familiarity. Front. Neurosci. 12, 204 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00204
Pacheco, D., Sánchez-Fibla, M., Duff, A., Verschure, P.F.M.J.: A spatial-context effect in recognition memory. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 11(August), 1–9 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00143
Parsons, T.D., Larson, P., Kratz, K., Thiebaux, M., Bluestein, B., Buckwalter, J.G., Rizzo, A.A.: Sex differences in mental rotation and spatial rotation in a virtual environment. Neuropsychologia 42(4), 555–562 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.08.014
Rauter, G., Sigrist, R., Koch, C., Crivelli, F., Van Raai, M., Riener, R., Wolf, P.: Transfer of complex skill learning from virtual to real rowing. PLoS ONE, 8(12) (2013). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082145
Renner, R.S., Velichkovsky, B.M., Helmert, J.R.: The perception of egocentric distances in virtual environments - a review. ACM Comput. Surv. 46(2), 1–40 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1145/2543581.2543590
Richardson, J.T.E.: Gender differences in mental rotation. Percept. Motor Skills 78(2), 435–448 (1994). https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.2.435
Saracini, C., Basso, D., Olivetti Belardinelli, M.: Stereoscopy does not improve metric distance estimations in Virtual Environments. In: Cicalò, E. (ed.) Proceedings of the 2nd International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Image and Imagination. AISC, vol. 1140, pp. 907–922. Springer, Heidelberg (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41018-6_74
Saracini, C., Franke, R., Blümel, E., Belardinelli, M.O.: Comparing distance perception in different virtual environments. Cogn. Process. 10(Suppl 2), 294–296 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-009-0314-7
Satava, R.M.: Historical review of surgical simulation–a personal perspective. World J. Surg. 32(2), 141–148 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-007-9374-y
Schubert, T., Friedmann, F., Regenbrecht, H.: Embodied presence in virtual environments. In: Visual Representations and Interpretations, pp. 269–278. Springer London (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0563-3_30
Shepard, R.N., Metzler, J.: Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science 171(3972), 701–703 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3972.701. (New York, N.Y.)
Siegel, Z.D.: Improving distance perception in virtual reality, 64 (2015). http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd
Siegel, Z.D., Kelly, J.W.: Walking through a virtual environment improves perceived size within and beyond the walked space. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 79(1), 39–44 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-016-1243-z
Spreng, R.N., Stevens, W.D., Chamberlain, J.P., Gilmore, A.W., Schacter, D.L.: Default network activity, coupled with the frontoparietal control network, supports goal-directed cognition. NeuroImage 53(1), 303–317 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.016
Sugano, N., Kato, H., Tachibana, K.: The effects of shadow representation of virtual objects in augmented reality. In: Proceedings of the Second IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality, 2003, pp. 76–83. IEEE Computer Society (2003). https://doi.org/10.1109/ismar.2003.1240690
Sutherland, L.M., Middleton, P.F., Anthony, A., Hamdorf, J., Cregan, P., Scott, D., Maddern, G.J.: Surgical Simulation. Ann. Surg. 243(3), 291–300 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000200839.93965.26
Thompson, W.B., Willemsen, P., Gooch, A.A., Creem-Regehr, S.H., Loomis, J.M., Beall, A.C.: Does the quality of the computer graphics matter when judging distances in visually immersive environments? Presence: Teleoper. Virtual Environ. 13(5), 560–571 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1162/1054746042545292
Voyer, D., Voyer, S.D., Saint-Aubin, J.: Sex differences in visual-spatial working memory: a meta-analysis. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 24(2), 307–334 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1085-7
Waller, D.: Factors affecting the perception of interobject distances in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoper. Virtual Environ. 8(6), 657–670 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1162/105474699566549
Waller, D., Richardson, A.R.: Correcting distance estimates by interacting with immersive virtual environments: effects of task and available sensory information. J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 14(1), 61–72 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898X.14.1.61
Wang, M., Reid, D.: Virtual reality in pediatric neurorehabilitation: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism and cerebral palsy. Neuroepidemiology 36(1), 2–18 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1159/000320847
Wilson, M.: Six views of embodied cognition. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 9(4), 625–636 (2002). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196322
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. Eberhard Blümel, who was the head of the Virtual Reality section of the Fraunhofer IFF during the data collection for this research. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Saracini, C., Olivetti Belardinelli, M., Hoepfner, A., Basso, D. (2020). Differences in Distance Estimations in Real and Virtual 3D Environments. In: Cicalò, E. (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Image and Imagination. IMG 2019. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1140. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41018-6_72
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41018-6_72
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-41017-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-41018-6
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)