Abstract
Macroalgae (fleshy and calcareous seaweeds), along with sponges, stony and soft corals, hydroids, bryozoans, and tube-building polychaete worms are the critical building blocks of biological habitats of nearshore hardbottom reefs of east Florida. Physical characteristics of these foundation species enhance available shelter for fish and invertebrates, stabilize substrate, and alter water flow and sedimentation impacts. The structure of macroalgal assemblages is much like that of terrestrial forests with “canopy” and “understory” species that provide micro-habitat between layers, cycle detrital material, as well as form the energetic basis of the marine trophic food web. Turf and upright macroalgae provide refuge and foraging habitat that support conspicuous and cryptic organisms such as amphipods, sea urchins, juvenile lobster, crabs, shrimps, polychaetes, and juvenile fishes. Further, macroalgae, especially turf species, form the primary diet of juvenile green turtles as well as diverse fish species that consume micro- or macroalgae at different life stages or throughout their life. Data compiled from multiple studies revealed that over 300 macroalgae and cyanobacteria taxa exist on Florida’s east coast nearshore reefs. This is likely a conservative value. One general observation is that macroalgae biomass on nearshore reefs of east Florida appears comparatively higher near the biogeographic transition zone of warm-temperate and subtropical waters. This and other distribution patterns may be the result of latitudinal differences in nutrients (a function in part of the proximity of oligotrophic waters of the Florida Current), wave dynamics, and/or differences in fish/invertebrate grazing communities. The latter explanation may be further supported by the relatively higher composition of physically- and chemically-defended macroalgae present in southeast Florida.
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Appendices
Appendix 3.1
Number of macroalgal species on nearshore hardbottom reefs by County. Data include location of study (Region), Species Count, zone of sampling (Intertidal, Subtidal, Inshore, Offshore), if the study was part of pre- (or post-) construction monitoring transects (PCM-T), Study Method used to collect data (i.e., natural reef or artificial reef, beach nourishment monitoring, or foraging analysis, etc.), time period (Season/Year). Color-coding indicates that similar study methods were used
Appendix 3.2
Families, genera, and numbers of species within each genus of macroalgae and cyanobacteria documented for east Florida coast nearshore hardbottom reef habitats. Studies are listed in Appendix 3.1. A zero under “Number of species” column indicates that algae were identified only to genus level
Family | Genus | Number of species |
|---|---|---|
CHLOROPHYTA | ||
Bryopsidaceae | Bryopsis | 2 |
Caulerpaceae | Caulerpa | 12 |
Cladophoraceae | Chaetomorpha | 3 |
Cladaphora | 6 | |
Rhizoclonium | 2 | |
Codiaceae | Codium | 5 |
Dasycladaceae | Batophora | 1 |
Cymopolia | 1 | |
Dasycladus | 1 | |
Neomeris | 1 | |
Derbesiaceae | Derbesia | 1 |
Halimedaceae | Halimeda | 6 |
Ostreobiaceae | Ostreobium | 3 |
Phaeophilaceae | Phaeophila | 1 |
Polyphysaceae | Acetabularia | 4 |
Siphonocladaceae | Dictyosphaeria | 0 |
Ernodesmis | 1 | |
Siphonocladus | 1 | |
Ventricaria | 1 | |
Udoteaceae | Avrainvillea | 2 |
Penicillus | 1 | |
Udotea | 6 | |
Ulvaceae | Ulva | 6 |
Ulvellaceae | Entocladia | 1 |
Valoniaceae | Valonia | 1 |
RHODOPHYTA | ||
Acrochaetiaceae | Acrochaetium | 2 |
Bangiaceae | Porphyra | 1 |
Bonnemaisoniaceae | Asparagopsis | 1 |
Ceramiaceae | Callithamnion | 2 |
Centroceras | 1 | |
Ceramium | 9 | |
Crouania | 1 | |
Griffithsia | 1 | |
Spermothamnion | 3 | |
Spyridia | 3 | |
Wrangelia | 2 | |
Champiaceae | Champia | 1 |
Corallinaceae | Amphiroa | 4 |
Fosliella | 2 | |
Jania | 4 | |
Lithophyllum | 0 | |
Titanophora | 1 | |
Cystocloniaceae | Hypnea | 5 |
Dasyaceae | Dasya | 6 |
Dasyopsis | 1 | |
Dictyurus | 1 | |
Heterosiphonia | 2 | |
Delesseriaceae | Nitophyllum | 1 |
Dumontiaceae | Dudresnaya | 1 |
Erythrotrichiaceae | Erythrotrichia | 1 |
Erythrocladia | 1 | |
Galaxauraceae | Galaxaura | 4 |
Scinaia | 1 | |
Gelidiaceae | Gelidiella | 3 |
Gelidiopsis | 3 | |
Gelidium | 3 | |
Gigartinaceae | Gigartina | 1 |
Gracilariaceae | Gracilaria | 16 |
Hydropuntia | 1 | |
Halymeniaceae | Cryptonemia | 2 |
Grateloupia | 1 | |
Halymenia | 3 | |
Liagoraceae | Liagora | 2 |
Lithothamniaceae | Lithothamnion | 0 |
Lomentariaceae | Lomentaria | 1 |
Peyssonneliaceae | Peyssonnelia | 1 |
Phyllophoraceae | Gymnogongrus | 1 |
Pterocladiaceae | Pterocladia | 2 |
Rhodomelaceae | Acanthophora | 2 |
Chondria | 8 | |
Chondrocanthus (prev. Laurencia) | 1 | |
Bostrychia | 2 | |
Bryocladia | 2 | |
Bryothamnion | 2 | |
Digenia | 1 | |
Laurencia | 8 | |
Polysiphonia | 5 | |
Herposiphonia | 1 | |
Rhodymeniaceae | Asteromenia | 1 |
Botryocladia | 4 | |
Chrysymenia | 2 | |
Rhodymenia | 2 | |
Solieriaceae | Agardhiella | 2 |
Eucheuma | 2 | |
Neoagardhiella (Agardhiella) | 0 | |
Solieria | 2 | |
Wurdemanniaceae | Wurdemannia | 1 |
PHAEOPHYCEAE | ||
Acinetosporaceae | Hincksia | 4 |
Bachelotiaceae | Bachelotia | 1 |
Chordariaceae | Myriotrichia | 1 |
Dictyotaceae | Dictyopteris | 2 |
Dictyota | 17 | |
Dilophus (Dictyota) | 1 | |
Lobophora | 1 | |
Padina | 6 | |
Spatoglossum | 1 | |
Stypopodium | 1 | |
Ectocarpaceae | Ectocarpus | 1 |
Sargassaceae | Sargassum | 7 |
Scytosiphonaceae | Colpomenia | 1 |
Hydroclathrus | 1 | |
Petalonia | 1 | |
Rosenvingea | 2 | |
Sphacelariaceae | Sphacelaria | 2 |
CYANOPHYTA | ||
Aphanizomenonaceae | Nodularia | 1 |
Entophysalidaceae | Entophysalis | 1 |
Hapalosiphonaceae | Mastigocoleus | 1 |
Hydrococcaceae | Hormathonema | 1 |
Hyellaceae | Hyella | 3 |
Solentia | 1 | |
Microcoleaceae | Microcoleus | 3 |
Porphyrosiphon | 1 | |
Microcystaceae | Anacystis | 4 |
Nostocaceae | Anabaena | 1 |
Hormothamnion | 1 | |
Nostoc | 0 | |
Oscillatoriaceae | Lyngbya | 0 |
Oscillatoria | 1 | |
Phormidium | 0 | |
Plectonema | 2 | |
Rivulariaceae | Calothrix | 2 |
Schizotrichaceae | Schizothrix | 2 |
Spirulinaceae | Spirulina | 0 |
Total Families | 61 | |
Total Genera | 123 | |
Total Species | 301a | |
Appendix 3.3
Macroalgae and cyanobacteria taxa identified by county from east Florida coast nearshore hardbottom reef studies. Individual studies are listed in Appendix 3.1
Appendix 3.4
Species and percent composition of sheet functional form group macroalgae in nearshore hardbottom reefs studies. Color shading indicates similar study methods were used
Appendix 3.5
Species and percent composition of filamentous functional form group macroalgae in nearshore hardbottom reef studies. Color shading indicates similar study methods were used
Appendix 3.6
Species and percent composition of coarsely-branched functional form group macroalgae in nearshore hardbottom reef studies. Color shading indicates similar study methods were used
Appendix 3.7
Species and percent composition of thick-leathery functional form group macroalgae in nearshore hardbottom reef studies. Color shading indicates similar study methods were used
Appendix 3.8
Species and percent composition of jointed-calcareous functional form group macroalgae in nearshore hardbottom reef studies. Color shading indicates similar study methods were used
Appendix 3.9
Species and percent composition of crustose functional form group macroalgae in nearshore hardbottom reef studies. Color shading indicates similar study methods were used
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McCarthy, D.A., Lindeman, K.C., Snyder, D.B., Holloway-Adkins, K.G. (2020). Macroalgae and Cyanobacteria. In: Islands in the Sand. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40357-7_3
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