Abstract
Data were collected for a period of 38 weeks (9.5 months) covering both rainy and dry seasons to identify diurnal primate species, document group compositions, and to estimate both encounter rates δ and densities \(\overline{\varpi }\) at Malebo region. Three species were observed in six groups: De Brazza’s monkey, Mona monkey, and red tail monkey along a 10 km long trail. The mean relative abundance for all three species δ = 0.6 groups/km ± 0.2 (SD). The mean group sizes for red tail monkeys \(\overline{X} = 7.3\) individuals/group ± 0.12 (SE), larger than any of the three systematically monitored in the region and De Brazza’s monkey, with \(\overline{X} = 2.5\) individuals/group ± 0.23 (SE) had the smallest group size. The most encountered species was Mona monkey (sighting probability µ = 0.82 sightings/visit). The overall mean density \(\overline{\varpi } = 0.28\) individuals km−2, within the range = [0.13–0.38] individuals km−2. The red tail monkey was the most abundant (\(\overline{\varpi } = 0.38\) individuals km−2) followed by Mona monkey (\(\overline{\varpi } = 0.32\) individuals km−2) and De Brazza’s monkey (\(\overline{\varpi } = 0.25\) individuals km−2). Comparisons with other areas in Tropical Africa indicated that group sizes, relative abundance, and densities in this region were lower. Despite the potential of other ecological processes (e.g. differences in habitat types, food availability, etc.) in the region to deplete primate populations, bushmeat trade was arguably the main reason for lower primate abundance in this region. Immediate conservation actions were called upon to help conserve some of the most important forest galleries from hunting to preserve the primate populations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bourlière F (1985) Primate communities: their structure and role in tropical ecosystems. Int J Primatol 6:1–26
Brncic T, Menga P, Lejoly J (2007) Preliminary report of botanical activities carried out in the Lac Tumba Landscape. Typescript report submitted to World Wide Fund for Nature
Brugiere D (2005) Monkey community structure in the old growth forests of the Lope reserve, Gabon. Afr J Ecol 43:70–72
Brugière D, Fleury MC (2000) Estimating primate densities using line transect and home range methods: comparative test with the black colobus monkey Colobus satanas. Primates 41:373–382
Brugière D, Gautier JP, Moungazi A, Gautier-Hion A (2002) Primate diet and biomass in relation to vegetation composition and fruiting phenology in a rain forest in Gabon. Int J Primatol 23(5):999–1024
Chapman CA (2000) Constraints on group size in red colobus and red-tailed guenons: examining the generality of the ecological constraints model. Int J Primatol 21(4):565–595
Chapman LJ (2001) Fishes of African rain forests: diverse adaptations to environmental challenge. In: Weber W, White LJT, Vedder A, Naughton-Treves L (eds) African rain forest—ecology and conservation: an interdisciplinary perspective. Yale University Press, pp 263–290
Chapman CA, Lambert JE (2000) Habitat alteration and the conservation of African primates: a case study of Kibale National Park, Uganda. Am J Primatol 50:169–186
Chapman CA, Balcomb SR, Gillepsie TR, Skorupa JP, Struhsaker TT (2000) Long-term effects of logging on African primate communities; a 28 –year comparison from Kibale National Park, Uganda. Conserv Biol 14(1):207–217
Chapman CA, Chapman LJ, Cords M, Gathua JM, Gautier-Hion A, Lambert JE, Rode K, Tutin CEG, White LJT (2002) Variation in the diets of Cercopithecus species: differences within forests, among forests, and across species. In: Glenn ME, Cords M (eds) The guenons: diversity and adaptation in African monkeys. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, pp 325–350
Chapman CA, Lawes MJ, Eeley HAC (2006) What hope for African primate diversity? Afr J Ecol 44:116–133
Colyn MM (1988) Distribution of guenons in the Zaire-Lulaba-Lomani river system. In: Gautier-Hion A, Bourlière F, Gautier JP, Kingdon J (eds) A primate radiation: evolutionary biology of the African guenons. Cambridge University Press, pp 104–124
Cowlishaw G. (2000). Primate Conservation biology. The University of Chicago Press
Fuentes A, Wolf LD (2002) Face to face: the implications of human-nonhuman primate interconnections. Cambridge University Press
Gautier-Hion A, Brugiere D (2005) Significance of riparian forests for the conservation of Central African Primates. Int J Primatol 26(3):515–523
Hall JS, Inogwabini BI, Williamson EA, Omari I, Sikubwabo C, White LJT (1997) A survey of elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park lowland sector in eastern Zaire. Afr J Ecol 35:213–223
Hall JS, Saltonstall K, Inogwabini BI, Omari I (1998a) Distribution, abundance and conservation status of Grauer’s gorilla. Oryx 32:122–130
Hall JS, White LJT, Inogwabin BI, Omar I, Morland HS, Williamson EA, Saltonstall K, Walsh P, Sikubwabo C, Bonny D, Kiswele KP, Vedder A, Freeman K (1998b) A survey of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla graueri) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi) in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park lowland sector and adjacent forest in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Int J Primatol 19:207–235
Hall JS, White LJT, Williamson EA, Inogwabin BI, Omari I (2003) Distribution, abundance and biomass estimates for primates within the Kahuzi-Biega lowland and adjacent forest in eastern DRC. Afr Primates 6(1–2):35–42
Inogwabini BI (2006a) A preliminary checklist of mammals and plants: conservation status of some species in the Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. Endanger Species Updat 23(3):104–117
Inogwabini BI (2006b) Fire as management tool in cattle raising concession: a preliminary assessment to help develop a system that sustains biological diversity in the southern in the Lac Télé - Lac Tumba Swampy forest, DRC Segment. Field report submitted to WWF and CARPE-USAID
Inogwabini BI (2008) Etudes des possibilités de transmission des maladies entre les animaux domestiques, les animaux sauvages et les populations humaines – protocole de collecte des données pour le programme Santé Animale. Typescripted document submitted to WWF US and USAID
Inogwabini BI, Matungila B (2009) Bonobo food items, food availability and bonobo distribution in the Lake Tumba Swampy forests, Democratic Republic of Congo. Open Conserv Biol J 3:1–10
Inogwabini BI, Thompson JAM (2013) The Golden-bellied Mangabey (Cercocebus chrysogaster): distribution and conservation status. J Threat Taxa 5(7):4069–4075
Inogwabini BI, Matungila B, Mbende L, Abokome M, Tshimanga WT (2007a) Great apes in the Lake Tumba landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo: newly described populations. Oryx 41(4):532–538
Inogwabini BI, Bewa M, Longwango M, Abokome M, Vuvu M (2007b) The bonobos of the Lake Tumba–Lake Maindombe hinterland: threats and opportunities for population conservation. In: Furuichi T, Thompson J (eds) The bonobos behavior, ecology, and conservation. Springer, pp 273–290
Kingdon J (1997) The kingdon field guide to african mammals. Academic Press
Konstant WR, Mittermeier RA, Rylands AB, Butynski TM, Eudey AA, Ganzhorn J, Kormos R (2002) The world’s top 25 most endangered primates. Neotropical Primates 10(3):128–131
Magnuson L (2005) Conservation of African monkeys. Int J Primatol 26(3):511–513
McGraw S (1994) census, habitat preference, and polyspecific associations of six monkeys in the Lomako Forest, Zaire. Am J Primatol 34:296–307
Mittermeier RA, Rylands AB, Konstant WR (2004) IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group Report 2001–2004. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
Mittermeier RA, Valladares-Pádua C, Rylands AB, Eudey AA, Butynski TM, Ganzhorn JU, Kormos R, Aguiar JM, Walker S (2006) Primates in Peril: the world’s 25 most endangered primates, 2004–2006. Primate Conserv 20:1–28
Oates JF (1986) Action plan for African primates conservation: 1986–1990. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Switzerland
Oates JF (1999) Myth and reality in the rain forest: how conservation strategies are failing in West Africa. University of California Press
Reinartz G, Inogwabini BI, Mafuta N, Lisalama WW (2006) Effects of forest type and human presence on bonobo (Pan paniscus) density in the Salonga National Park. Int J Primatol 27(2):603–634
Thomas S (1991) Population densities and patterns of habitat use among anthropoid primates of the Ituri Forest, Zaire. Biotropica 23:68–83
Tutin CEG, White LJT (1999) The recent evolutionary past of primate communities: likely environmental impacts during the past three millennia. In: Fleagle JG, Janson C, Reed KE (eds) Primate communities. Cambridge University Press, pp 220–236
Tutin CEG, Ham RM, White LJT, Harrison MJS (1997) The primate community of the Lopé Reserve, Gabon: diets, responses to fruit scarcity, and effects on biomass. Am J Primatol 42:1–24
Uehara S, Ihobe H (1998) Distribution and abundance of diurnal mammals, especially monkeys, at Kasoje, Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Anthropol Sci 106:349–369
Van Krunkelsven E, Inogwabini BI, Draulans D (2000) A survey of bonobos and other large mammals in the Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. Oryx 34(3):180–187
Walker EP, Warnick F, Lange KI, Uible HE, Hamlet SE, Davis MA, Wright PF (1964) Mammals of the world, Vol II. The Johns Hopkins Press
White LJT (1994a) Biomass of rain forest mammals in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. J Anim Ecol 63:499–512
White LJT (1994b) Sacoglottis gabonensis fruiting and the seasonal movements of elephants in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. J Trop Ecol 10:121–125
White LJT, Edwards A (2000) Conservation research in the Central African rain forests: a handbook. Wildlife Conservation Society
Whitesides GH, Oates JF, Green SM, Kluberdanz RP (1988) Estimating primate densities from transects in a West African rain forest: a comparison of techniques. J Anim Ecol 57:345–367
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Inogwabini, BI. (2020). Diurnal Primates: Estimates and Conservation Issues. In: Reconciling Human Needs and Conserving Biodiversity: Large Landscapes as a New Conservation Paradigm. Environmental History, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38728-0_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38728-0_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-38727-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-38728-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)