Abstract
This chapter presents the historical background and current organisation of religion in the Danish penitentiary system from a legal and sociological perspective. The role and presence of religion in prison were not much discussed until 2006, when the Prison and Probation Service published its first report on religion in prisons. Nevertheless, the Lutheran prison chaplain has been a natural part of the Danish prison system since the establishment of the modern prison in the nineteenth century. Following this historical background, the regulation of religion in prison is presented to show the national and international legal framework regulating the work of chaplains and religious practices of inmates. The Prison and Probation Service produces much information and many statistics on prison life, but not related to religion. The final section presents empirical studies of religion among inmates, showing, for instance, that the proportion of Muslim inmates was the same in 2006 and 2017. Although the proportion was around 20% there are very few Muslim chaplains in prison, and they are a relatively recent addition to Lutheran chaplains from the majority church. The last section examines the majority church chaplains, and shows that they take it upon themselves to cater to the needs of all inmates. Although imams remain contested in the wider society, The Prison and Probation Service welcomes Muslim Chaplaincy (after thorough vetting) because they can oppose potential radicalisation and provide pastoral care to the inmates.
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Notes
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- 2.
- 3.
Copenhagen prisons are included among the prisons, but consist of several institutions and combine remand and prison facilities.
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Official Danish immigration statistics distinguish between immigrants and descendants, with immigrants being “a person born abroad whose parents are both (or one of them if there is no available information on the other parent) foreign citizens or were both born abroad” and a descendant is “a person born in Denmark whose parents (or one of them if there is no available information on the other parent) are either immigrants or descendants with foreign citizenship”. (https://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/dokumentation/documentationofstatistics/immigrants-and-descendants/statistical-presentation)
- 5.
E-mail from the Prison and Probation Service of 21 November 2016. The term chaplain is not used in Danish. Instead they are “prison pastors” or “prison imams”. We have decided to use the English term chaplain in this chapter, although in a few cases such as this one, it obscures certain understandings of the actors in the field. Similarly, the Prison and Probation Service specifically uses the term religious preacher (religiøs forkynder) at the same time, as it actively wants to avoid proselytisation.
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“Rapport om gejstlig betjening af indsatte, der tilhører andre trossamfund end den evangelisk-lutherske danske folkekirke”
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- 8.
“En fælles og tryg fremtid: Handlingsplan om forebyggelse af ekstremistiske holdninger og radikalisering”. Available from: http://uim.dk/publikationer/en-faelles-og-tryg-fremtid-handlingsplan-om-forebyggelse-af-ekstremistiske-holdninger-og-radikalisering-blandt-unge
- 9.
“Forebyggelse af radikalisering og ekstremisme”. Available from: http://www.stm.dk/multimedia/Forebyggelse_af_radikalisering_og_ekstremisme_-_Regeringens_handlingsplan.pdf
- 10.
“Et stærkt værn mod terror”. Available from: http://www.fmn.dk/nyheder/Documents/Et-staerkt-vaern-mod-terror-2015.pdf
- 11.
“Preventing and combatting radicalisation and extremism”. http://justitsministeriet.dk/sites/default/files/media/Pressemeddelelser/pdf/2016/National-handlingsplan-Forebyggelse-og-bekaempelse-af-ekstremisme-og-radikalisering.pdf
- 12.
Parliamentary debates, 26 October 2016 (Spm. no. S 82, Minister of Justice, Søren Pind).
- 13.
- 14.
- 15.
“Trist, at man tror, at imamer er modborgere i stedet for medborgere, og at de simpelthen ikke kan bidrage til noget positivt i Danmark” https://www.information.dk/indland/2015/04/faengselsimam-praest-religioes-radikalisering-boer-moedes-religioes-indsigt
- 16.
- 17.
Lov nr. 1533 of 19 December 2017 http://www.ft.dk/samling/20171/lovforslag/l19/index.htm
- 18.
- 19.
Straffuldbyrdelsesloven, LBK no. 1242 of 11 November 2015 https://www.retsinformation.dk/forms/r0710.aspx?id=170653
- 20.
Recognition or approval of religion in Denmark is a substantial discussion in and of itself, and is explored elsewhere, but in this context, the recognition and approval mean that the religious community has committed itself to respect basic human rights, responsible ministry, organised worship, clear doctrine etc.
- 21.
Published as CIR1H no. 9530 of 26 September 2013, “Circular letter on the employment of and oversight with religious preachers in the Prison and Probation Services”, by the Ministry of Justice.
- 22.
Article 21 of CIR1H no. 9530 of 26 September 2013.
- 23.
Published with small revisions as CIS no. 9910 of 10 July 2015. https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=167763
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- 25.
- 26.
- 27.
With reference to Matthew 22:39 “Love thy neighbour as yourself”. However, the Danish translation does not use the word neighbour, but is like the German version with regard to both neighbour (næste [Danish] and Nächsten [German]) and charity (næstekærlighed [Danish] and Nächstenliebe [German]). Extensive theological literature and public debate exist on how to understand who exactly our neighbours are and who is entitled to our charity.
- 28.
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Christensen, H.R., Kühle, L., Vinding, N.V. (2020). Denmark: Christianity and Islam in Prisons – A Case of Secular Professionalisation of Chaplaincy. In: Martínez-Ariño, J., Zwilling, AL. (eds) Religion and Prison: An Overview of Contemporary Europe. Boundaries of Religious Freedom: Regulating Religion in Diverse Societies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36834-0_8
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