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Pandemic Viruses at Hajj: Influenza and COVID-19

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Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World

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Abstract

Hajj is the largest annual mass gathering event on the planet and usually attracts two to three million people from all over the world and is one of the most significant events in the life of a practicing Muslim. Viruses that may cause pandemic outbursts, such as influenza and COVID-19, are important public health threats at Hajj. Influenza, both seasonal and pandemic, has been reported at Hajj at variable frequencies. Preventive measures including vaccination and hand hygiene are known to be beneficial. The vaccination uptake is still suboptimal but improving, and time is ripe to consider using quadrivalent influenza vaccine that provides protection against both lineages of influenza B. In response to COVID-19, Hajj pilgrimage was essentially cancelled in 2020, downscaling to just a few thousand local pilgrims who were required to comply with strict preventive measures including maintaining optimum physical distance from fellow pilgrims, and no case of Hajj-associated COVID-19 has been reported. To combat COVID-19 in the coming years, all evidence-based preventive measures, including hand hygiene and use of personal protective equipment, should be considered for Hajj pilgrims in addition to limiting the number of attendees. The recently approved and rolled out COVID-19 vaccines would be important preventive measures for prospective Hajj pilgrims.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammad Alfelali

  2. Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sher-i- Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, India

    Parvaiz A. Koul

  3. National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia

    Harunor Rashid

  4. The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Harunor Rashid

Authors
  1. Mohammad Alfelali
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  2. Parvaiz A. Koul
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  3. Harunor Rashid
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Harunor Rashid .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Ismail Laher

Section Editor information

  1. National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Kids Research, Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia

    Harunor Rashid

  2. Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Harunor Rashid

  3. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Ziad A. Memish MD, FRCPC, FACP

  4. Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Prince Mohamed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital (“PMAH”), Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Ziad A. Memish MD, FRCPC, FACP

  5. Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Ziad A. Memish MD, FRCPC, FACP

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Alfelali, M., Koul, P.A., Rashid, H. (2021). Pandemic Viruses at Hajj: Influenza and COVID-19. In: Laher, I. (eds) Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36811-1_50

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