Abstract
The goal of the present chapter is to outline how infants’ experience with multiple exemplars contributes to their ability to form representations of the small-scale spatial relations, such as above, below, between, inside, or on top. Although infants discriminate between changes in the spatial arrangement of objects early in development, this skill undergoes significant advances throughout infancy. In particular, the ways in which infants benefit from multiple exemplars evolve with the development of their spatial skills and their categorization skills. We outline theoretical views that inform these developmental changes and point to the possible mechanisms that may underlie how infants’ experience with multiple exemplars contributes to their ability to form abstract representations of spatial relations. We also consider how manipulating the number and type of exemplars is an important tool for understanding the development of infant spatial categorization.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Antell, S. E., Caron, A. J., & Myers, R. S. (1985). Perception of relational invariants by newborns. Developmental Psychology, 21, 942–948. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.21.6.942
Antell, S. G., & Caron, A. J. (1985). Neonatal perception of spatial relationships. Infant Behavior and Development, 8, 15–23.
Baillargeon, R., & Wang, S. (2002). Event categorization in infancy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01836-2
Baillargeon, R. (2004). Infants’ physical world. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00281.x
Behl-Chadha, G., & Eimas, P. D. (1995). Infant categorization of left-right spatial relations. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13, 69–79.
Bomba, P. C., & Siqueland, E. R. (1983). The nature and structure of infant form categories. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 35, 294–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(83)90085-1
Casasola, M. (2005). When less is more: How infants learn to form an abstract categorical representation of support. Child Development, 76, 279–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00844.x
Casasola, M. (2008). The development of infants’ spatial categories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 21–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00541.x
Casasola, M. (2017). Above and beyond objects: The development of infants’ spatial concepts. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 54, 87–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2017.10.007
Casasola, M., & Ahn, Y. A. (2017). What develops in infants’ spatial categorization? Korean infants’ categorization of containment and tight-fit relations. Child Development, 89(4), e382–e396. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12903
Casasola, M., & Cohen, L. B. (2002). Infant categorization of containment, support and tight-fit spatial relationships. Developmental Science, 5, 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7687.00226
Casasola, M., Cohen, L. B., & Chiarello, E. (2003). Six-month-old infants’ categorization of containment spatial relations. Child Development, 74, 679–693. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00562
Casasola, M., & Park, Y. (2013). Developmental changes in infant spatial categorization: When more is best and when less is enough. Child Development, 84, 1004–1019. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12010
Casasola, M., Bhagwat, J., Doan, S. N., & Love, H. (2017). Getting some space: Infants’ and caregivers’ containment and support spatial constructions during play. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 159, 110–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.01.012
Childers, J. B. (2011). Attention to multiple events helps 2 1/2-year-olds extend new verbs. First Language, 31, 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/0142723710361825
Childers, J. B., Paik, J. H., Flores, M., Lai, G., & Dolan, M. (2016). Does variability across events affect verb learning in English, Mandarin, and Korean? Cognitive Science, 41, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12398
Choi, S. (2006). Influence of language-specific input on spatial cognition: Categories of containment. First Language, 26, 207–232.
Choi, S., & Bowerman, M. (1991). Learning to express motion events in English and Korean: The influence of language-specific lexicalization patterns. Cognition, 41, 83–121.
Dalecki, M., Hoffmann, U., & Bock, O. (2012). Mental rotation of letters, body parts and complex scenes: Separate or common mechanisms? Human Movement Science, 31, 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2011.12.001
DeLoache, J. S., Kolstad, V., & Anderson, K. N. (1991). Physical similarity and young children’s understanding of scale models. Child Development, 62, 111–126. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130708
Falkenhainer, B., Forbus, K. D., & Gentner, D. (1989). The structure-mapping engine: Algorithm and examples. Artificial Intelligence, 41, 1–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(89)90077-5
Ferry, A. L., Hespos, S. J., & Gentner, D. (2015). Prelinguistic relational concepts: Investigating analogical processing in infants. Child Development, 86, 1386–1405. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12381
Fiser, J., & Aslin, R. N. (2002). Statistical learning of higher-order temporal structure from visual shape sequences. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory & Cognition, 28, 458–467. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.458
Forbus, K. D., & Gentner, D. (1983). Learning physical domains: Towards a theoretical framework. Proceedings of the 1983 International Machine Learning Workshop, Monticello, IL, June 1983.
Gava, L., Valenza, E., & Turati, C. (2009). Newborns’ perception of left – right spatial relations. Child Development, 80, 1797–1810.
Gentner, D. (1983). Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive Science, 7, 155–170.
Gentner, D. (2005). The development of relational category knowledge. In L. Gershkoff-Stowe & D. H. Rakison (Eds.), Building object categories in developmental time. Carnegie Mellon symposia on cognition (pp. 245–275). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Gentner, D., Loewenstein, J., & Thompson, L. (2003). Learning and transfer: A general role for analogical encoding. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 393–408. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.95.2.393
Gentner, D., & Markman, A. B. (1997). Structure mapping in analogy and similarity. American Psychologist, 52, 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.1.45
Gentner, D., & Toupin, C. (1986). Systematicity and surface similarity in the development of analogy. Cognitive Science, 10, 277–300. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1003_2
Gick, M. L., & Holyoak, K. J. (1980). Analogical problem solving. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 306–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(80)90013-4
Gick, M. L., & Holyoak, K. J. (1983). Schema induction and analogical transfer. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(83)90002-6
Göksun, T., Hirsh-Pasek, K., & Golinkoff, R. M. (2010). Trading spaces: Carving up events for learning language. Perspectives in Psychological Science, 13, 431–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691609356783
Gómez, R. L. (2002). Variability and detection of invariant structure. Psychological Science, 13, 431–436. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00476
Hespos, S. J., & Baillargeon, R. (2001). Infants’ knowledge about occlusion and containment events: A surprising discrepancy. Psychological Science, 12, 141–147.
Hespos, S. J., & Piccin, T. B. (2009). To generalize or not to generalize: Spatial categories are influenced by physical attributes and language. Developmental Science, 12, 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00749.x
Hespos, S. J., & Spelke, E. S. (2004). Conceptual precursors to language. Nature, 430, 453–456. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02634
Kaminski, J. A., & Sloutsky, V. M. (2010). Concreteness and relational matching in preschoolers. In S. Ohlsson & R. Catrambone (Eds.), Proceedings of the XXXII annual conference of the cognitive science society (pp. 335–340). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Kaminski, J. A., Sloutsky, V. M., & Heckler, A. F. (2006). Do children need concrete instantiations to learn an abstract concept? In R. Sun & N. Miyake (Eds.), Proceedings of the XXVIII annual conference of the cognitive science society (pp. 411–416). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Kaminski, J. A., Sloutsky, V. M., & Heckler, A. F. (2008). The advantage of abstract examples in learning math. Science, 320, 454–455. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1154659.
Kidd, C., Piantadosi, S. T., & Aslink, R. N. (2012). The goldilocks effect: Human infants allocate attention to visual sequences that are neither too simple nor too complex. PLoS One, 7, e36399.
Kirkham, N. Z., Slemmer, J. A., & Johnson, S. P. (2002). Visual statistical learning in infancy: Evidence for a domain general learning mechanism. Cognition, 83, B35–B42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00004-5
Konishi, H., Pruden, S. M., Golinkoff, R. M., & Hirsh-Pasek, K. (2016). Categorization of dynamic realistic motion events: Infants form categories of path before manner. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 152, 54–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.07.002
Kotovsky, L., & Gentner, D. (1996). Comparison and categorization in the development of relational similarity. Child Development, 67, 2797–2822. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.ep9706244834
Kovack-Lesh, K. A., & Oakes, L. M. (2007). Hold your horses: How exposure to different items influences infant categorization. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 98, 69–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2007.05.001
Loewenstein, J., & Gentner, D. (2001). Spatial mapping in preschoolers. Close comparisons facilitate far mappings. Journal of Cognition & Development, 2, 189–219.
Loewenstein, J., & Gentner, D. (2005). Relational language and the development of relational mapping. Cognitive Psychology, 50, 315–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2004.09.004
Maguire, M. J., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Golinkoff, R. M., & Brandone, A. C. (2008). Focusing on the relation: Fewer exemplars facilitate children’s initial verb learning and extension. Developmental Science, 11, 628–634. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00707.x
Marcinowski, E. C., & Campbell, J. M. (2017). Building on what you have learned. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41, 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025416635283
Marcus, G. F., Vijayan, S., Bandi Rao, S., & Vishton, P. M. (1999). Rule learning by seven-month-old infants. Science, 283, 77–80. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5398.77
Markman, A. B., & Gentner, D. (1993). Structural alignment during similarity comparisons. Cognitive Psychology, 25, 431–467. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1993.1011
McDonough, L., Choi, S., & Mandler, J. M. (2003). Understanding spatial relations: Flexible infants, lexical adults. Cognitive Psychology, 46, 229–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0285(02)00514-5
Namy, L. L., Gentner, D., & Clepper, L. E. (2007). How close is too close? Alignment and perceptual similarity in children’s categorization. Cognition, Brain, Behavior, 11, 647–659.
Needham, A. W., Dueker, G., & Lockhead, G. (2005). Infants’ formation and use of categories to segregate objects. Cognition, 94, 215–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2004.02.002
Newcombe, N. S., & Huttenlocher, J. (2000). Making space: The development of spatial representation and reasoning. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Örnkloo, H., & von Hofsten, C. (2007). Fitting objects into holes: On the development of spatial cognition skills. Developmental Psychology, 43, 404–416. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.2.404
Oudgenoeg-Paz, O., Boom, J., Volman, M. C. J. M., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2016). Development of exploration of spatial-relational object properties in the second and third years of life. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 146, 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.02.005
Oudgenoeg-Paz, O., Leseman, P. P. M., & Volman, M. C. J. M. (2015). Exploration as a mediator of the relation between the attainment of motor milestones and the development of spatial cognition and spatial language. Developmental Psychology, 51, 1241–1253. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039572
Park, Y., & Casasola, M. (2017). The impact of object type on the spatial analogies in Korean preschoolers. Cognitive Psychology, 94, 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2017.02.001
Park, Y., & Casasola, M. (2015). Plain or decorated? Object visual features matter in infant spatial categorization. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 140, 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2015.07.002
Park, Y., & Casasola, M. (2013). The simplest objects may not be the best for infant spatial learning. Oral presentation given at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle, WA.
Park, Y., Casasola, M., & Kim, J. W. (2012). Do simple objects facilitate infants’ formation of a spatial category? Child Studies in Diverse Contexts, 2, 77–90. https://doi.org/10.5723/csdc.2012.2.2.077
Pruden, S. M., Roseberry, S., Göksun, T., Hirsh-Pasek, K., & Golinkoff, R. M. (2013). Infant categorization of path relations during dynamic events. Child Development, 84, 331–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01843.x
Pruden, S. M., Goksun, T., Roseberry, S., Hirsh-Pasek, K., & Golinkoff, R. M. (2012). Find your manners: How do infants detect the invariant manner of motion in dynamic events? Child Development, 83, 977–991. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01737.x
Pulverman, R., Song, L., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Pruden, S. M., & Golinkoff, R. M. (2013). Preverbal infants’ attention to manner and path: Foundations for learning relational terms. Child Development, 84, 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12030
Pulverman, R., Golinkoff, R. M., Hirsh-Pasek, K., & Buresh, J. S. (2008). Infants discriminate manners and paths in non-linguistic dynamic events. Cognition, 108, 825–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2008.04.009
Quinn, P. C. (1994). The categorization of above and below spatial relations by young infants. Child Development, 65, 58–69.
Quinn, P. C. (2003). Concepts are not just for objects: Categorization of spatial relation information by infants. In D. H. Rakison & L. M. Oakes (Eds.), Early category and concept development: Making sense of the blooming, buzzing confusion (pp. 50–76). New York: Oxford University Press.
Quinn, P. C. (2005). Developmental constraints on the representation of spatial relation information: Evidence from preverbal infants. In L. Carlson & E. van der Zee (Eds.), Functional features in language and space: Insights from perception, categorization, and development (pp. 293–309). New York: Oxford University Press.
Quinn, P. C. (2007). On the infant’s prelinguistic conception of spatial relations: Three developmental trends and their implications for spatial language learning. In J. M. Plumert & J. P. Spencer (Eds.), The emerging spatial mind (pp. 117–141). New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org.proxy.library.cornell.edu/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189223.003.0006.
Quinn, P. C. (2012). Evidence for mental subdivision of space by infants: 3- to 4-month-olds spontaneously bisect a small-scale area into left and right categories. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19, 449–455. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0243-9
Quinn, P. C., Adams, A., Kennedy, E., Shettler, L., & Wasnik, A. (2003). Development of an abstract category representation for the spatial relation between in 6- to 10-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 39, 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.1.151
Quinn, P. C., & Bhatt, R. S. (2005). Learning perceptual organization in infancy. Psychological Science, 16, 511–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01567.x
Quinn, P. C., Cummins, M., Kase, J., Martin, E., & Weissman, S. (1996). Development of categorical representations for above and below spatial relations in 3- to 7-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 32, 942–950. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.32.5.942
Quinn, P. C., Doran, M. M., & Papafragou, A. (2011). Does changing the reference frame affect infant categorization of the spatial relation BETWEEN? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 109, 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2010.10.001
Quinn, P. C., Norris, C. M., Pasko, R. N., Schmader, T. M., & Mash, C. (1999). Formation of a categorical representation for the spatial relation between by 6- to 7-month-old Infants. Visual Cognition, 6, 569–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/135062899394948
Quinn, P. C., Polly, J. L., Furer, M. J., & Dobson, V. (2002). Young infants’ performance in the object-variation version of the above-below categorization task: A result of perceptual distraction or conceptual limitation? Infancy, 3, 323–347. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327078IN0303_3
Rakison, D. H., & Oakes, L. M. (2003). Early category and concept development: Making sense of the blooming, buzzing confusion. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rigney, J., & Wang, S. H. (2015). Delineating the boundaries of infants’ spatial categories: The case of containment. Journal of Cognition and Development, 16, 420–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2013.848868
Saffran, J. R., Aslin, R. N., & Newport, E. L. (1996). Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants. Science, 274, 1926–1928. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5294.1926
Song, L., Pruden, S. M., Golinkoff, R. M., & Hirsh-Pasek, K. (2016). Prelinguistic foundations of verb learning: Infants discriminate and categorize dynamic human actions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 151, 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.01.004
Shutts, K., € Ornkloo, H., Von Hofsten, C., Keen, R., & Spelke, E. S. (2009). Young children’s representations of spatial and functional relations between objects. Child Development, 80, 1612–1627. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01357.x
Thomas, M., Dalecki, M., & Abeln, V. (2013). EEG coherence during mental rotation of letters, hands and scenes. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 89, 128–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.014
Uttal, D. H., Amaya, M., Maita, M. R., Hand, L. L., Cohen, C. A., O’Doherty, K., et al. (2013). It works both ways: Transfer difficulties between manipulatives and written subtraction solutions. Child Development Research, 2013, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/216367
Uttal, D. H., Scudder, K. V., & DeLoache, J. (1997). Manipulatives as symbols: A new perspective on the use of concrete objects to teach mathematics. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 18, 37–54.
Vlach, H. (2014). The spacing effect on children’s generalization of knowledge: Allowing children time to forget promotes their ability to learn. Child Development Perspectives, 8, 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12079
Vukatana, E., Graham, S. A., Curtin, S., & Zepeda, M. S. (2015). One is not enough: Multiple exemplars facilitate infants’ generalizations of novel properties. Infancy, 20, 548–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12092
Wang, S., & Baillargeon, R. (2008). Can infants be “taught” to attend to a new physical variable in an event category? The case of height in covering events. Cognitive Psychology, 56, 284–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2007.06.003
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Casasola, M., Park, Y. (2020). How Multiple Exemplars Matter for Infant Spatial Categorization. In: Childers, J. (eds) Language and Concept Acquisition from Infancy Through Childhood. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35594-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35594-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-35593-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-35594-4
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)