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Abstract

This chapter analyses value change in France and the way in which this is reflected in voting behaviour and party competition. It considers the extent to which new non-materialist issues have become more salient to voters and evaluates differences between the blue-collar and the wider electorates and between younger and older generations, not only in terms of materialism but also authoritarianism, social conservativism and ethnocentrism. Three non-materialist issues (immigration, European integration and globalisation) are identified as having particular resonance among a section of the manual working class. The way in which the political parties have responded to these and other new issues has had a significant effect on partisanship. The PS’ adoption of a more postmaterialist agenda to appeal to its middle-class and more highly-educated supporters has alienated some blue-collar voters. At the same time, the FN is offering policies which some manual workers find increasingly attractive.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    My analysis is based on European Values Study 1981–2008, Longitudinal Data File ZA4804 (2011) supplied by the GESIS Data Archive, Cologne, Germany. Data for France is available in the first four waves of the Study for the years 1981, 1990, 1999 and 2008.

  2. 2.

    En pensant à l’école, pouvez-vous me dire avec laquelle de ces deux opinions vous êtes le plus d’accord? [Thinking about school, can you tell me which of these two opinions you agree most with?]

    (a) L’école devrait donner avant tout le sens de la discipline et de l’effort [School should above all develop a sense of discipline and effort]; (b) L’école devrait former avant tout des gens à l’esprit éveillé et critique [School should above all form sharp-minded people who think critically].

  3. 3.

    Cohorts by year of birth: Cohort 1 (1931–40); Cohort 2 (1941–50); Cohort 3 (1951–60); Cohort 4 (1961–70); Cohort 5 (1971–80). See also Chap. 3.

  4. 4.

    Parmi les problèmes suivants, quels sont les trois qui vont être les plus importants au moment de votre vote? [Which three of the following issues will be most important when you vote?]

  5. 5.

    Respondents were asked if they totally agree / tend to agree / tend to disagree / totally disagree with the views expressed [tout à fait d’accord / plutôt d’accord / plutôt pas d’accord / pas d’accord du tout]. Not all of the questions were asked in every survey year: questions on bringing back the death penalty [Il faudrait rétablir la peine de mort] were included between 1988 and 2012; on homosexuality being an acceptable way of life [L’homosexualité est une manière acceptable de vivre sa vie] in 2002 and 2012; on there being too many immigrants in France [Il y a trop d’immigrés en France] between 1997 and 2012.

  6. 6.

    In the 2008 EVS survey, the five possible answers to each of the five questions were: agree strongly, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, disagree strongly: Les immigrés prennent le travail des gens nés dans le pays [Immigrants take jobs away jobs from people born in France]; La culture d’un pays est menacée par les immigrés [Immigrants undermine France’s cultural life]; Les immigrés accentuent les problèmes de la criminalité [Immigrants increase the problem of crime]; Les immigrés sont une charge pour la sécurité sociale d’un pays [Immigrants are a strain on the welfare system]; A l’avenir, le nombre d’immigrés sera une menace pour la société [In the future immigrants will be a threat to society].

  7. 7.

    The CEVIPOF question in 1997 and 2002 was Si l’on annonçait demain que l’Union européenne est abandonnée, éprouveriez vous: 5 De grands regrets / De l’indifférence / Un vif soulagement [If it were announced tomorrow that France has left the EU, how would you feel? Very sorry / Indifferent / Relieved]. In 2007 and 2012 it was D’une façon générale, pensez-vous que le fait pour la France de faire partie de l’Union européenne est: une bonne chose / une mauvaise chose / une chose ni bonne ni mauvaise? [In general, do you think that France’s membership of the EU is: a good thing / a bad thing / neither a good nor a bad thing].

  8. 8.

    Certaines personnes peuvent avoir des craintes concernant la construction européenne. Pour chacun des aspects suivants, dites-moi si vous en avez personnellement peur ou non qu’avec la construction construction européenne? [Some people may have fears about the construction of the EU. For each of the following, tell me whether you personally are afraid or not:] 1. Il y ait moins de protection social en France [There will be less social security in France]; 2. On perde notre identité nationale et notre culture [We will lose our national identity and culture]; 3. La France joue un rôle moins important dans le monde [France will play a lesser role in the world]; 4. Il y ait davantage de chômage en France [Unemployment will go up in France]; 5. Il y ait une augmentation du nombre des immigrés [There will be an increase in the number of immigrants].

  9. 9.

    Pour un pays comme la France, la mondialisation est-elle plutôt une chance / un danger / ni l’un ni l’autre? [For a country like France, is globalisation an opportunity / a threat / neither?]

  10. 10.

    Left-right position of the FN: 1986: 29.3; 1988: 40.0; 1993: 40.0; 1997: 50.7; 2002: 27.6; 2007: 28.5; 2012: 8.1 (Budge et al. 2001; Klingemann et al. 2006; Volkens et al. 2014).

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Marthaler, S. (2020). Value Change. In: Partisan Dealignment and the Blue-Collar Electorate in France. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35465-7_5

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