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Conservation Genetics in Mammals pp 249–268Cite as

Genetic Diversity and Structure of Artibeus jamaicensis in the Fragmented Landscape of El Salvador

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Abstract

El Salvador is the most deforested country in Central America, where forest remnants are immersed in an agricultural matrix (mainly pastures or shade coffee), which reduces habitat suitability for native wildlife. Habitat loss affects species dispersal, increases isolation and in some cases can lead to genetic structure. In order to quantify the genetic diversity and structure of Artibeus jamaicensis, we collected wing tissue samples of 100 individuals from three tropical forest remnants surrounded by shade coffee (n = 49), and three surrounded by pastures (n = 51). We genotyped ten species-specific microsatellites and observed that the heterozygosity (HO = 0.554 ± 0.013, HE = 0.726 ± 0.008) was moderate compared with other studies of the same species. We found no differences in heterozygosity among forest remnants embedded in the two types of agricultural matrix (coffee: HO = 0.576 ± 0.013, HE = 0.766 ± 0.014; pasture HO = 0.535 ± 0.020, HE = 0.762 ± 0.012). The fixation index (Fst = 0.002, p = 0.435) indicated Fst complete panmixia, with populations freely interbreeding and no genetic differentiation. Lack of genetic structure between populations might be due to the high dispersal capability of the species as well as adaptation to human transformed environments. Pairwise comparison among sites showed low but significant genetic structure for three of them, thus habitat loss and in this case the type of matrix, might be factors that affect even this mobile species. This is the first population genetics study of wild mammals in El Salvador, offering a baseline for future research on other mammals in agricultural landscapes of Central America.

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Acknowledgements

We like to thank María Elena Galván de Girón, Deysi Marisol Sandoval, Mauricio Humberger, and Marisol Galindo for the permission in working in their private farms. To Luis Girón, for the field and personal support to conclude the study. To the Bat Conservation Program of El Salvador, specially to Lucía Sánchez, Raquel Alvarado Larios, Gabriel Vides, Elena Castillo, Kevyn Quijano, Guillermo Rugamas, Carlos Peña, Iván Samayoa, Roberto Guadrón, Karla Zaldaña, and Alvin Paz Melara. To the field guides and Park rangers Eliberto Sandoval, Don Santos, Juan Alberto Henríquez. We thank the team at Laboratorio de Bioconservación y Manejo del Instituto Politécnico Nacional in Mexico, especially to Leslie Mariella Montes, Daniela Carmona, Fernando Montiel, and Diana Moreno. To Eric Fuchs, for statistical advising and finally to Joaquín Arroyo-Cabrales and his family and to Rodrigo Medellín for all the help and support in Mexico. To the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources in El Salvador (MARN), for the research permits and access to the Natural Protected Areas and National Parks. Funding for fieldwork, laboratory expenses and internship for the study were provided by Postgraduate Studies System in the University of Costa Rica and the Rufford Small Grant (RSG).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica

    Melissa E. Rodríguez

  2. Programa de Conservación de Murciélagos de El Salvador de la Asociación Territorios Vivos, San Salvador, El Salvador

    Melissa E. Rodríguez

  3. Laboratorio de Bioconservación y Manejo, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, C. P. 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico

    Jorge Ortega

  4. The School for Field Studies, AP 150-4013, Atenas, Alajuela, Costa Rica

    J. Edgardo Arévalo

  5. Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica

    Gustavo Gutiérrez-Espeleta, J. Edgardo Arévalo & Bernal Rodríguez-Herrera

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Correspondence to Melissa E. Rodríguez .

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  1. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico

    Jorge Ortega

  2. Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA

    Jesus E. Maldonado

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Rodríguez, M.E., Ortega, J., Gutiérrez-Espeleta, G., Arévalo, J.E., Rodríguez-Herrera, B. (2020). Genetic Diversity and Structure of Artibeus jamaicensis in the Fragmented Landscape of El Salvador. In: Ortega, J., Maldonado, J. (eds) Conservation Genetics in Mammals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33334-8_12

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