Abstract
The living species included in the family Anatinellidae Deshayes, 1853 distributed along the American continent are mentioned in this chapter. All American living species belong to the subfamily Kymatoxinae Stenzel and Krause, 1957. Two genera are recognized. The genus Anatina Schumacher, 1817 groups the species A. anatina (Spengler, 1802) and A. cyprinus (Wood, 1828). And the genus Raeta Gray, 1853 includes R. (Raeta) plicatella (Lamarck, 1818) and R. (Raeta) undulata (Gould, 1851).
Keywords
Family Anatinellidae Deshayes, 1853
[nom. correct. Thiele, 1934, p. 904 (in Thiele, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1935), pro Anatinellidae Deshayes, 1853: 43, name attributed by Gray to Deshayes] [non Spasskii and Spasskaya 1954, p. 61—Cestoda: Hymenolepidae]
Shell oblong-ovate inflated, posteriorly elongate, thin, fragile, slightly inequilateral, posteriorly gaping, umbos low, positioned slightly anterior of the midline, prosogyrate; sculpture with growth lines or commarginal striae and fine, radial lines; hinge plate very narrow with the chondrophore, slightly dorsally arched; two divergent cardinal teeth in the right valve (not fused) and a single, inverted V-shaped cardinal tooth in the left valve; lateral teeth; no true lateral teeth, but accessory shell lamella is observed in each valve; pallial line without sinus.
Subfamily Kymatoxinae Stenzel and Krause, 1957
[nom. correct. Kymatoxinae Stenzel and Krause, 1957:124, in Stenzel, Krause, and Twining, 1957] [=Pteropsinae Dall, 1894d (invalid); Pteropsellinae Keen, 1969, p. 605, not available from Keen, 1963: 92 [no description], proposed as a substitute name for Pteropsinae Dall, 1894e [also spelled Pteropsidinae by Dall], the latter invalid due to its type genus Pteropsis Conrad, 1860 is a junior homonym of Pteropsis Rafinesque, 1814 [Cnidaria]; Keen gave Pteropsellinae the priority of Pteropsinae, but Art. 40.2 does not apply; according to Art. 40.1, Kymatoxinae should not be replaced by Pteropsellinae on account of the synonymy of the type genera alone]
Shell thin, subequilateral, posterior gape narrow; thin periostracum; radially sculptured with striae, with posterodorsal keel; chondrophore ventrally projected; hinge plate with small cardinal teeth, lateral teeth absent.
Genus Anatina Schumacher, 1817
[=Labiosa Möller, 1832 (ex Schmidt MS) (nom. pro Anatina); Cypricia Gray, 1847; Leucoparia Mayer, 1867 (nom. Vam. Pro Cypricia)]
Shell ovate, very fragile, anterior end rounded; siphonal gap and defined by a line from umbones to posterior end; lunule and escutcheon evident; external ligament separated from resilium by lamella.
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Type species: Anatina pellucida Schumacher, 1817 (= Mactra anatina Spengler, 1802), by monotypy.
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Geographic distribution: Atlantic and Pacific coast of tropical America.
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Remarks: Anatina Schumacher, 1817 (Mactridae) has priority over Anatina Lamarck, 1818 (Laternulidae). Some authors (e.g. Olsson, 1961; Vokes, 1968) considered Anatina Lamarck sensu Bosc (1816) as valid. However, Bosc cited only one species in vernacular. This nomenclatorial problem was resolved by Keen (1961). Within the genus Anatina of Schumacher, two Recent species are included. They are Anatina anatina (Spengler, 1802) and A. cyprinus (Wood, 1828). Anatina cyprinus (Wood, 1828) has been cited widely as a synonym of A. anatina (e.g. Dall, 1894b; Wilkins, 1957; Keen, 1958; Olsson, 1961). However, Spengler species is more subcircular, less elongated and has a smaller posterior gap. Other species have been described within the genus Anatina from other regions (Anatina grayi Huber, 2015 or Anatina inconstans, von Cosel, 1995). However, they were eventually relocated after morphological revisions (von Cosel and Gofas, 2018). The genus Anatina is an American genus.
Anatina anatina (Spengler, 1802) (Fig. 5.1a–d)
Shell subcircular, fragile, pellucid, inequilateral, large, length to 65 mm in length, umbones opisthogyrate and moderately inflated; anterodorsal margin straight, posterior very short; anterior end rounded, posterior area delimited by a line from the umbones to middle posterior end; siphonal gap formed by shell folds; external surface with concentric ridges more conspicuous along the umbonal area; internally white with a deep and high pallial sinus of about half of shell length; right hinge with two unfused cardinal teeth (3a and 3b), one anterior lateral tooth (AI) aligned with the 3a; one posterior lateral tooth (PI) short; left hinge with V-shaped cardinal tooth (2a and 2b), 2b more elongated, one anterior and one posterior lateral tooth (AII and PII) complete the hinge.
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Type locality: “South America”.
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Type material: ZMUC-BIV, two syntypes.
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Geographic distribution: From Massachusetts, United States to Porto Belo, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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Stratigraphic distribution: Upper Miocene—Recent.
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Synonyms: Anatina pellucida Schumacher, 1817: 126, Lutraria lineata Say, 1822: 310, Mactra papyracea Lamarck, 1818: 470 (non Gmelin, 1791), Mactra recurva Wood, 1828: 4 and Mactra nuttallii Reeve, 1854a: sp. 125 (non Conrad, 1837).
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Remarks: Anatina anatina is a valid mactrid species living along the western Atlantic Ocean. Type material and the examination of the original illustrations confirm that Anatina pellucida Schumacher (unnecessary substitute name for Mactra anatina), Lutraria lineata (ANSP 51313, syntypes), Mactra papyracea Lamarck, 1818 (non Gmelin, 1791), Mactra recurva (NHMUK 20100621, holotype) and Mactra nuttallii Reeve, 1854a (vol. 8, pl. 21, sp. 125) are junior synonyms of Spengler species. The Pacific species Anatina cyprinus has been mentioned as a junior synonym of A. anatina (see, e.g. Dall, 1894b; Wilkins, 1957; Keen, 1958; Olsson, 1961). However, it shows a more subcircular, less elongated and smaller posterior gap than the Atlantic A. anatina.
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Relevant literature
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Ecological and Environmental studies: Davies et al., 1989; Staff and Powell, 1999.
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Taxonomy: Camp et al., 1998: 12; Conrad, 1868: 42; Dall, 1894c: 27; Keen, 1961; Lamy, 1918: 349; Mikkelsen and Bieler, 2007: 372; Rios, 1970: 197, 1975: 237, 1985: 244, 1994: 266, 2009: 538; Robinson and Montoya, 1987: 396; Signorelli and Pastorino, 2012b: 45−47; Signorelli and Carter, 2016; Tallarico et al., 2014: 101; Turgeon et al., 2009: 730.
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Anatina cyprinus (Wood, 1828) (Fig. 5.1e, f)
Shell elongate-ovate, thin, translucent, inequilateral, equivalve, anteriorly moderately inflated; posteriorly gaped, posterior slope set of by a winged keel; external surface smooth with fine and irregular commarginal striae, more visible and regular on umbonal area; periostracum light brown to yellowish, thin; internally white; hinge plate narrow, with only one anterior and one posterior lateral tooth in both valves, placed very close to the cardinals; internal ligament placed on a very ventrally projected chondrophore; pallial sinus deep and broad.
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Type locality: “Peru”.
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Type material: NHMUK 2010.06.08, holotype.
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Geographic distribution: West coast of North America, from Baja California, Mexico to northern Peru.
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Stratigraphic distribution: Recent.
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Synonyms: none.
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Remarks: This species has been widely cited as a synonym of A. anatina (see, e.g. Dall, 1894b; Wilkins, 1957; Keen, 1958; Olsson, 1961). All these authors considered the name Anatina lineata of Say (1822) valid for the Atlantic species. The examination of related type material revealed that A. cyprinus is the correct name for the Pacific species.
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Relevant literature
Genus Raeta Gray, 1853
[= Lovellia Mayer, 1867: 286]
Shell trigonal, fragile, pellucid, resembling Anatina, but more convex; completely ornamented in the external surface by concentric wrinkles, posteriorly; anterior and posterior end rounded, lateral teeth rudimentary and close to the cardinals.
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Type species: Mactra campechensis Gray, 1825 (= Lutraria plicatella Lamarck, 1818), by monotypy.
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Geographic distribution: Europe, Pacific coast of Central and South America, western Atlantic and Asia.
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Remarks: The genus Raeta includes five Recent species widely distributed with several synonyms mentioned in the literature (Carcelles, 1944; Rios, 1994, 2009; Harry, 1969; Huber, 2010; Signorelli and Pastorino, 2012b). Currently, it includes Raeta (Raeta) meridionalis Tate, 1889 from Southern Australia; Raeta (Raetina) pellicula (Reeve 1854a) and Raeta (Raetella) pulchella (Adams and Reeve 1850) both from the Indo-Pacific region from India to Japan; Raeta (Raeta) undulata (Gould 1851) from eastern Pacific and Raeta (Raeta) plicatella (Lamarck 1818) from western Atlantic Ocean and eastern Pacific. The Atlantic R. plicatella was recently reported from Nayarit coast, Mexico (Skoglund, 2000; Coan and Valentich-Scott, 2012).
Subgenus Raeta
Raeta (Raeta) plicatella (Lamarck, 1818) (Fig. 5.1g, h)
Shell trigonal to ovoid, subequilateral, pellucid, inflated through the anterior portion, maximum length to 75 mm; external surface with diagnostic concentric strong wrinkles from umbones to ventral margin; anterodorsal and ventral margin rounded, posterior end rounded but more defined than the anterior; lunule and escutcheon not defined by a line or shelly ridge; interior white with soft wrinkles that reveal the external ornamentation; deep pallial sinus with a length of about 2/3 shell length; adductor muscle scar similar in size and shape, the anterior one more elongated dorsoventrally; right hinge with only one anterior and one posterior lateral tooth and two cardinal teeth not fused; laterals very short and close to the cardinals; left hinge with the inverted V-shaped cardinal teeth closely flanked by the accessory lamella; one anterior and one posterior lateral tooth; chondrophore very well developed; ultrastructure of the shell with the same layers that other mactrids; siphons completely fused, the inhalant bigger than the exhalant; two demibranchs at both sides of the body dorsally fused to the mantle with an elongated morphology; the inner demibranch bigger than the outer with a food grove in the ventral edge; labial palps notoriously developed, trigonal, placed surrounding the mouth and fused dorsally with the visceral mass.
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Type locality: “l’Indian Ocean” is mentioned in the original description.
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Type material: MNHN-IM 2000-5011, two syntypes, one of them broken.
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Geographic distribution: From Virginia, United States to Monte Hermoso, Buenos Aires province, Argentina, Pacific coast of America from California United States to Panama (Coan and Valentich-Scott, 2012: 558).
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Stratigraphic distribution: Lower Pliocene—Recent.
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Synonyms: Lutraria canaliculata Say, 1822: 311, Mactra campechensis Gray, 1825: 134 and Raeta perspicua Hutton, 1873: 65.
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Remarks: This species was recently mentioned as living in the west coast of Central America, from Baja California to Sonora, Mexico (Skoglund, 2000; Coan and Valentich-Scott, 2012). It was widely mentioned in the literature as living along the Atlantic coast of America from North Carolina to Argentina (See Relevant literature section). Lutraria canaliculata Say, 1822, is a junior synonym. The types were not found at the ANSP collection. However, this name was mentioned and illustrated in several publications (i.e. Conrad 1831; De Kay 1843; Adams and Adams 1853–1858; Reeve 1854a; Chenu 1862; Perry 1940). Mactra campechensis of Gray (1825) is a synonym. It was described based on specimens collected in Campeche, Mexico. Type material examination of Raeta perspicua (NMNZ 0321, holotype, registered erroneously from Bay of Islands, New Zealand) confirmed it as a junior synonym of Lamarck species. Mactra papyracea Gmelin, 1791 is a possible older name (sensu Lamarck, 1818 and d’Orbigny, 1846 in 1834–1847). It was originally described by Chemnitz (1782, vol. 6, pl. 23, Fig. 231, rejected by nomenclatorial purposes, ICZN 1944). The type material was not found, and the Chemnitz’s illustration is rudimentary to confirm this change.
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Relevant literature
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Anatomy and Morphology: Signorelli and Pastorino, 2012a: 95−97.
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Ecological and Environmental studies: De Castro and Dos Santos, 1989: 103.
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Paleontology: Aguirre, 1989, 1991, 1992; Figueiras and Broggi, 1972–1973: 221; Maury, 1920: 137.
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Taxonomy: Adams and Adams, 1853–1858: 386; Altena, 1971: 54; Barattini and Ureta, 1961: 170; Camp et al., 1998: 12; Carcelles, 1944: 284; Carpenter, 1863: 368; Castellanos, 1970: 238; Coan and Valentich-Scott, 2012: 559−560; Conrad, 1831: 46, 1868: 41; d’Orbigny, 1846 (in 1834−1847): 527; Dall, 1894c: 28, 1895b: 212; De Kay, 1843: 232; Deshayes and Milne-Edwards, 1835: 93; Figueiras and Sicardi, 1969: 368; Gray, 1837: 375, 1853: 43; Hanley, 1842 (in 1842–1856): 27; Harry, 1969; Hutton, 1873: 65; Lamarck, 1818 in 1815–1822: 470; Lamy, 1913: 347; Mayer, 1867: 37; Mikkelsen and Bieler, 2007: 372; Perry, 1940: 83; Reeve, 1854a: sp 122; Rios, 1966: 33, 1970: 197, 1975: 237, 1985: 244, 1994: 267, 2009: 538; Signorelli and Pastorino, 2012a: 95−97; Skoglund, 2000; Turgeon et al., 2009: 730; Vanatta, 1903: 757; Zelaya, 2016: 253.
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Raeta (Raeta) undulata (Gould, 1851) (Fig. 5.1i–l)
Shell ovate-trigonal, subequilateral, fragile, elongated posteriorly; length to 110 mm; umbo prosogyrate, broad but small; external surface with strong commarginal undulations regular mostly over the middle area, less evident near the ventral margin; minute radial and commarginal striae; anterior end broadly rounded; posterior end more acute, depressed, set off by low ridge; periostracum thin, yellowish, dehiscent; interior white with soft wrinkles that reveal the external ornamentation, mainly in juvenile specimens, translucent; hinge plate with only one anterior and one posterior lateral tooth in both valves, very short and close to the cardinals, the left valve with the inverted V-shaped cardinal teeth closely flanked by the accessory lamella; chondrophore very well ventrally developed; pallial sinus deep, about 60% shell length.
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Type locality: La Paz, Baja California, Mexico.
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Type material: MCZ 169453, holotype.
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Geographic distribution: West coast of America from California to Caleta Chipana, Tarapacá, Chile (Coan and Valentich-Scott, 2012).
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Stratigraphic distribution: Lower Miocene—Recent.
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Synonyms: Raeta gibbosa Gabb, 1869: 30; Labiosa (Raeta) gabbi Pilsbry and Johnson, 1917: 202; Labiosa (Raeta) gardnerae Spieker, 1922: 168; Labiosa (Raeta) hasletti Anderson, 1929:177.
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Remarks: Four fossil species have been mentioned in the literature as junior synonyms of Raeta undulata. They are Raeta gibbosa (types not at ANSP, Olsson, 1932) described from Lower Pleistocene beds exposed at Payta, Peru; Labiosa (Raeta) gabbi (ANSP 2675, syntype) a new name for R. canaliculata Gabb, 1873 (non Say, 1822); Labiosa (Raeta) gardnerae (types not found) described from Zorritos Formation, northern Peru; and Labiosa (Raeta) hasletti (CAS 4171, holotype) described from Tubera Formation, Colombia. The analysis of original illustrations, as well as, type material whenever possible, suggested that all nominal species must be considered as junior synonyms of R. undulata.
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Relevant literature
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Anatomy and Morphology: Harry 1969; Taylor et al., 1973: 265.
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Ecological and Environmental studies: Bizjack et al., 2017.
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Paleontology: Arnold, 1903: 177; Cantalamessa et al., 2005; Hodson and Hodson, 1931: 21; Olsson, 1932: 131; Pilsbry, 1931: 427; Pilsbry and Olsson, 1941: 73; Stump, 1975; Woodring, 1982: 653−654.
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Taxonomy: Bernard, 1983: 41; Cauquoin, 1969: 1029−1030; Coan and Valentich-Scott, 1997: 17; Coan and Valentich-Scott, 2012: 560; Coan et al., 2000: 465; Conrad, 1868: 42; Dall, 1894d: 41, 1916a: 39; Gemmell et al., 1987:45−46; Grant and Gale, 1931: 407; Harry 1969; Hertlein and Strong, 1950: 235, 1955: 205; Keen, 1971: 207; Lamy, 1918: 355; Olsson and Petit, 1964: 533−534; Olsson, 1961: 332; Paredes et al., 2016: 141; Ramírez et al., 2003, 268; Stearns, 1894: 157; Strong, 1925; Tomicic, 1978.
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Signorelli, J.H. (2019). The Family Anatinellidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). In: The Superfamily Mactroidea (Mollusca:Bivalvia) in American Waters. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29097-9_5
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