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No More Credit: Languedoc Wines Facing Their Reputation (1850s–1970)

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A History of Wine in Europe, 19th to 20th Centuries, Volume II

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Abstract

In the 1850s, the vineyard from the Languedoc became the most important provider of wines for the national market. This new economic trend was mainly due to the revolution in transports (train) and more specifically the use of new plants, highly productive. The epidemics that struck the sector (oïdium, phylloxera and mildiou) from the 1850s to the 1890s did not alter this position on the market; on the contrary: the new plants were more resistant and even more productive. The Languedoc became then the place of production of poor to medium quality wines, intended for popular consumption and for blending, enhancing in alcohol and colour other wines. On an ultra-competitive market and with tremendous consequences up to the 1970s, this resulted in a loss of reputation, a deterioration of the credit and a blurred identity for the wines from Midi and their actors.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    “Piquette” is used as a reference to the Languedocian wines by Michel Rocard, French Prime Minister from 1988 to 1991.

  2. 2.

    Matouk (1977).

  3. 3.

    For detailed figures on a specific decade or on the long run, please report to the appendix.

  4. 4.

    Statistique générale de la France, Annuaire statistique, Résumé rétrospectif, 1935, p. 177. Here is only notified the “taxed consumption”, the real figures (taxed and familial) being more important.

  5. 5.

    Mainly Gaston Bazille, lawyer, banker and famous landlord, which one of the cousins, Louis, is leading a national-renowned merchant company during Belle Époque.

  6. 6.

    Guyot (1868, p. II).

  7. 7.

    Guyot (1868, p. 257).

  8. 8.

    On the topic, see Garrier (1989).

  9. 9.

    Bertall (1878, p. 473.)

  10. 10.

    Galtier (1958). Literally it means a “mass cultivation of the vine” but it implies as well “a vineyard made for a mass consumption”.

  11. 11.

    Quoted by Gavignaud-Fontaine (2000, p. 53).

  12. 12.

    Annuaire statistique, 1935, p. 178.

  13. 13.

    Archives nationales: C//5655, Assemblées nationales, Chambre des députes, Enquête sur la crise viticole, Aude, “Syndicat central des viticulteurs de l’Aude pour la vente du vin”, February 1902.

  14. 14.

    Archives nationales: C//5655, “Syndicat professionnel agricole de Lézignan”, 1902.

  15. 15.

    Archives de la Banque de France, Inspection de la succursale de Béziers, 1902.

  16. 16.

    In Bordeaux, one suspects fraudsters to sell wine from Languedoc under the name “Bordeaux”. Cf. Chambre consultative d’agriculture de Bordeaux, 1902.

  17. 17.

    Annuaire statistique, 1935, pp. 176–177.

  18. 18.

    Archives départementales de l’Allier: 6 M 2344, Population, économie, “Enquête sur les conditions de la vie ourvière et de la vie rurale”, Commune du Donjon, 1913.

  19. 19.

    On that matter, see Ridel (2016).

  20. 20.

    See, for example, Huot and Voivenel (Drs.) (1918, p. 66).

  21. 21.

    Maréchal Pétain for example in Derys and Dufy (1935).

  22. 22.

    A study led by a doctor estimates the average consumption around 1.5 litre/day, mainly composed by daily supplies offered by the army (0.25 litre in 1914; 0.5 litre in 1916; 0.75 litre in 1917) and extra purchase.

  23. 23.

    Journal official de la République française, 12 November 1918, p. 9820.

  24. 24.

    Annuaire statistique, 1935, p. 177.

  25. 25.

    L’Action méridionale (AM hereafter), March 1935.

  26. 26.

    “Comment faire connaître nos vins”, in AM, 1 February 1925.

  27. 27.

    “Un effort pour l’exportation de nos vins”, in AM, 1 April 1925.

  28. 28.

    Only few territories in Languedoc took advantage of this law, such as the Corbières in 1923.

  29. 29.

    Archives nationales: F/10/5384, Agriculture, Comité national de propaganda en faveur du vin, Rapport à M. le directeur de l’Agriculture, 1932.

  30. 30.

    Like the “ Repas à prix fixe, vin compris”, a principle including wine for every meal.

  31. 31.

    “Comment faire connaître nos vins”, in AM, 1 February 1925.

  32. 32.

    Carte des vins de la Compagnie générale transatlantique, 1930s.

  33. 33.

    Nicolas is a chain store company, owning 138 stores in 1919.

  34. 34.

    Félix Potin is one of the main chain store in France.

  35. 35.

    Felix Potin buys directly the wines from Languedoc through a shared company in Languedoc: La Compagnie générale des vins du Midi et d’Algérie.

  36. 36.

    “Congrès 1953”, in Midi Vinicole (MV hereafter), 9 May 1953.

  37. 37.

    “Motion générale, Congrès 1960”, in MV, 18 May 1960.

  38. 38.

    La Journée Vinicole (LJN hereafter), 18 November 1958.

  39. 39.

    On the topic, see Gavignaud-Fontaine (2010).

  40. 40.

    Red wines from Saint-Georges-d’Orques, cotes-d’agly (red and white) from Villeneuve-les-Corbières, muscat from Frontignan for example.

  41. 41.

    “Les médailles d’or héraultaises à la Foire international de la vigne et du vin (FIVV)”, in MV, 29 October 1966.

  42. 42.

    Archives de la Banque de France, Inspection succursale de Montpellier, 1961.

  43. 43.

    Winegrower in Gard and senior civil official (“haut fonctionnaire”), Lamour founded in 1944 the Fédération des syndicats des vins de qualité de la région Languedoc-Roussillon, then in 1945 the Fédération nationale des vins de qualité supérieure.

  44. 44.

    With the first red AOC label in Languedoc , the Fitou (Aude) in 1948.

  45. 45.

    “Les VDQS de l’Hérault”, in l’Officiel de la FIVV, 1966, p. 3.

  46. 46.

    “À l’ouverture du Marché commun Européen”, in l’Officiel de la FIVV, 1958, p. 2.

  47. 47.

    “Que boivent les Italiens”, in LJN, 1–2 January 1962.

  48. 48.

    “Sélection? Valorisation de la qualité? Parlons-en”, in LJN, 10 February 1968.

  49. 49.

    “Du salaire de la concession à la qualité des vins dans le marché commun”, in l’Officiel de la FIVV, 1964, p. 4.

  50. 50.

    See, for example, Bentegeac (1976).

  51. 51.

    “L’avenir du vignoble languedocien”, in L’officiel de la FIVV, 1971, p. 5.

  52. 52.

    Especially during the 1976 crisis but not only. See Smith (2016).

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Acknowledgements

I’d like to thank Dr. Andrew W. M. Smith, from the University College London, Secretary of the Society for the Study of French History, regarding his help in the translating process of this piece.

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Appendix

Appendix

Wine production in the Languedoc

(ten years averages, in Million hectolitres)

 

1852

1862

1870s

1880s

1890s

1900

1910s

1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

Aude

1.46

1.19

2.86

3.51

6.63

5.63

4.64

6.29

6.41

3.65

5.83

7.02

Gard

1.51

1.43

1.12

0.68

2.01

3.27

2.64

4.11

4.37

3.54

5.01

5.47

Hérault

4.29

6.59

9.95

3.52

7.52

10.6

10.67

12.67

11

7.54

9.46

10.61

Languedoc

7.26

7.78

13.93

7.03

16.16

16.23

17.95

23.07

21.78

14.73

20.3

23.1

France

28.9

37.4

52.1

33.3

36.2

56.1

43.4

59.8

58.7

41.7

52.9

60.3

Part of L. (%)

25.1

20.8

26.7

21.1

44.6

28.9

41.4

38.6

37.1

35.3

38.4

38.3

  1. Source Official sources from the national statistics that author rearranged himself

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Le Bras, S. (2019). No More Credit: Languedoc Wines Facing Their Reputation (1850s–1970). In: Conca Messina, S., Le Bras, S., Tedeschi, P., Vaquero Piñeiro, M. (eds) A History of Wine in Europe, 19th to 20th Centuries, Volume II. Palgrave Studies in Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27794-9_5

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