Skip to main content

Character Education or Citizenship Education?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Rise of Character Education in Britain

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Young People and Politics ((PSYPP))

Abstract

The resurgence of interest in character education in the UK, and the forms it has taken, reflect a general trend in education to promote a narrow kind of individualised and responsibilised citizenship. This chapter considers character education as a form of self-work, whereby individuals are expected to develop their individual capacity to confront the demands of the global economy, and to become ideal neo-liberal citizens. In England, in particular, the turn to character education corresponds to the decline in the fortunes of citizenship education, which has been marginalized by policymakers in recent years. The chapter reviews evidence about the impact of citizenship education and argues that it provides a tried and tested alternative to character education—an alternative which is far more likely to strengthen British democracy by enabling young people to engage in civic and political activities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allsop, B., Briggs, J., & Kisby, B. (2018). Market Values and Youth Political Engagement in the UK: Towards an Agenda for Exploring the Psychological Impacts of Neo-Liberalism. Societies, 8(4), 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc8040095.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Appiah, K. A. (2006). Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers. London: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biesta, G. (2011). Learning Democracy in School and Society. Rotterdam: Sense.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Birdwell, J., Scott, R., & Koninckx, D. (2015). Learning by Doing. London: Demos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulianne, S. (2019). Building Faith in Democracy: Deliberative Events, Political Trust and Efficacy. Political Studies, 67(1), 4–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. (2003). Neo-Liberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy. Theory and Event, 7(1), 36–59. https://doi.org/10.1353/tae.2003.0020.

  • Chappell, Z. (2012). Deliberative Democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, M., Gagnon, J. P., Hartung, C., & Pruitt, L. (2017). Young People, Citizenship and Political Participation: Combating Civic Deficit? London: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crick, B. (1982). In Defence of Politics (2nd ed.). Middlesex: Pelican Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department for Education and Employment/Qualifications and Curriculum Authority. (1998). Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools. London: DfEE/QCA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ecclestone, K. (2012). From Emotional and Psychological Well-Being to Character Education: Challenging Policy Discourses of Behavioural Science and ‘Vulnerability’. Research Papers in Education, 27(4), 463–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ecclestone, K., & Hayes, D. (2009). The Dangerous Rise of Therapeutic Education. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fejes, A. (2008). To Be One’s Own Confessor: Educational Guidance and Governmentality. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 29(6), 653–664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerrard, J. (2014). All That Is Solid Melts into Work: Self-Work, the ‘Learning Ethic’ and the Work Ethic. The Sociological Review, 62(4), 862–879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henn, M., & Foard, N. (2012). Back on the Agenda and Off the Curriculum? Citizenship Education and Young People’s Political Engagement. Teaching Citizenship, 32, 32–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinds, D. (2019). Education Secretary Sets Out Five Foundations to Build Character. Speech 7th February 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/education-secretary-sets-out-five-foundations-to-build-character. Accessed 19 February 2019.

  • Hoskins, B., Janmaat, J. G., & Melis, G. (2017). Tackling Inequalities in Political Socialisation: A Systematic Analysis of Access to and Mitigation Effects of Learning Citizenship at School. Social Science Research, 68, 88–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoskins, B., Janmaat, J. G., & Villalba, E. (2012). Learning Citizenship Through Social Participation Outside and Inside School: An International, Multilevel Study of Young People’s Learning of Citizenship. British Educational Research Journal, 38(3), 419–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ipsos MORI. (2016). Politicians Are Still Trusted Less Than Estate Agents, Journalists and Bankers. www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/politicians-are-still-trusted-less-estate-agents-journalists-and-bankers. Accessed 16 April 2019.

  • Keating, A., & Janmaat, J. G. (2016). Education Through Citizenship at School: Do School Activities Have a Lasting Impact on Youth Political Engagement? Parliamentary Affairs, 69(2), 409–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keating, A., Kerr, D., Benton, T., Mundy, E., & Lopes, J. (2010). Citizenship Education in England 2001–2010: Young People’s Practices and Prospects for the Future (Research Report DFE-RR059). London: Department for Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kisby, B. (2017). ‘Politics Is Ethics Done in Public’: Exploring Linkages and Disjunctions Between Citizenship Education and Character Education in England. Journal of Social Science Education, 16(3), 8–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kisby, B., & Sloam, J. (2009). Revitalising Politics: The Role of Citizenship Education. Representation, 45(3), 313–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kymlicka, W. (2002). Contemporary Political Philosophy (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquand, D. (1997). The New Reckoning: Capitalism, States and Citizens. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAfee, N. (2004). Three Models of Democratic Deliberation. Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 18(1), 44–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, P. (2004). Young People & Political Activism: From the Politics of Loyalties to the Politics of Choice? Report for the Council of Europe Symposium: ‘Young People and Democratic Institutions: From Disillusionment to Participation’, Strasbourg, 27–28 November 2003. https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/COE%20Young%20People%20and%20Political%20Activism.pdf. Accessed 16 April 2019.

  • Oldfield, A. (1990). Citizenship and Community: Civic Republicanism and the Modern World. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plant, R. (1991). Modern Political Thought. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rainsford, E. (2017). Exploring Youth Political Activism in the United Kingdom: What Makes Young People Politically Active in Different Organisations? The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 19(4), 790–806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, L., & Birdwell, J. (2015). Mind over Matter. London: Demos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sloam, J. (2007). Rebooting Democracy: Youth Participation in Politics in the UK. Parliamentary Affairs, 60(4), 548–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talisse, R. B. (2005). Democracy After Liberalism. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Warnock, M. (2002). An Intelligent Person’s Guide to Ethics. London: Duckworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westheimer, J., & Kahne, J. (2004). What Kind of Citizen? The Politics of Educating for Democracy. American Educational Research Journal, 41(2), 237–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, C., Gibb, J., Lea, J., & Street, C. (2017). Developing Character Skills in Schools: Qualitative Case Studies. London: Department for Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whiteley, P. (2014). Does Citizenship Education Work? Evidence from a Decade of Citizenship Education in Secondary Schools in England. Parliamentary Affairs, 67(3), 513–535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lee Jerome .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Jerome, L., Kisby, B. (2019). Character Education or Citizenship Education?. In: The Rise of Character Education in Britain. Palgrave Studies in Young People and Politics. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27761-1_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27761-1_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-27760-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-27761-1

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics