Abstract
Gradual depositions of misfolded amyloid proteins play major roles in onset, progression and severity of many neurodegenerative diseases. Several protein clearance machineries exist in the cell which are involved in degradation of these proteins. Therefore, these systems are considered the key players of cellular protein homeostasis. A molecular chaperone, such as heat shock protein (HSP) is one of them, which play a crucial role in degradation of these misfolded protein aggregates. Indeed, larger protein aggregates are degraded by phagocytosis or macroautophagy mechanism, whereas smaller protein aggregates are degraded within the lysosomes with the help of HSP or via ubiquitin proteosomal system. Importantly, the HSPs become dysregulated in different neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, enhancement of cellular protein quality control machineries, specifically the levels and activities of molecular chaperones could suppress the misfolded protein aggregation and can restore cellular function. Several small molecules and natural polyphenols have been shown to maintain HSP levels in different neurodegenerative diseases. In this book chapter, we discuss the current understanding of the roles of HSPs in protein misfolding neurological diseases, especially on Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, prion diseases and tauopathies. In addition, we also highlighted the modulatory roles of natural polyphenols on HSPs as a therapeutic strategy for protein misfolding neurological diseases.
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Abbreviations
- α-Syn:
-
Alfa synuclein
- Aβ:
-
Amyloid beta protein
- AD:
-
Alzheimer’s disease
- AIF:
-
Apoptosis-inducing factor
- ALS:
-
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- APP:
-
Amyloid precursor protein
- APPsw:
-
Amyloid precursor protein Sweedis
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- CAG:
-
Cytosine-adenine-guanine
- CHIP:
-
C-terminus of HSC70-interacting protein
- CMA:
-
Chaperone-mediated autophagy
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- DA:
-
Dopamine
- DAT:
-
Dopamine transporter
- EGCG:
-
Epigallocatechin gallate
- ER:
-
Endoplasmic reticulum
- FTD-17:
-
Frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism
- GA:
-
Gambogic acid
- GSH:
-
Reduced glutathione
- HD:
-
Huntington’s disease
- HIP:
-
HSC70-interacting protein
- HOP:
-
HSP70-HSP90 organizing protein
- HSP:
-
Heat shock protein
- HSF:
-
Heat shock factor
- HSE:
-
Heat shock element
- LB:
-
Lewy bodies
- LRRK2:
-
Leucine-rich repeat kinase-2
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen activated protein kinase
- mHTT:
-
Mutant huntingtin
- MW:
-
Molecular weight
- NF-kβ:
-
Nuclear factor kappa beta
- NFT:
-
Neurofibrillary tangle
- NSAIDS:
-
Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- PD:
-
Parkinson’s disease
- PINK-1:
-
PTEN-induced putative kinase-1
- PolyQ:
-
Poly-glutamine
- ppm:
-
Parts per million
- PrP:
-
Prion protein
- PrPc:
-
Prion protein cellular form
- PrPSc:
-
Prion protein scrapie isoform
- PS1:
-
Preseniline-1
- PSP:
-
Progressive supra-nuclear palsy
- pTau:
-
Phosphorylated tau
- RAC:
-
Ribosome-associated complex
- sHSP:
-
Small heat shock protein
- SNpc:
-
Substantia-nigra pars compacta
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- TRAP-1:
-
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein-1
- TSE:
-
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
- UCHL-1:
-
Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1
- WA:
-
Withaferin-A
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Veterans Administration and national institute of health and the Cure HD Initiative. We thank Prof. Sally Frautschy, University of California at Los Angeles.
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Maiti, P., Manna, J. (2019). Dysregulation of Heat Shock Proteins in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Restorative Roles of Small Molecules and Natural Compounds. In: Asea, A., Kaur, P. (eds) Heat Shock Proteins in Neuroscience. Heat Shock Proteins, vol 20. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24285-5_7
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