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Collective Bargaining in Labour Law Regimes

Part of the book series: Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law ((GSCL,volume 32))

Abstract

Industrial relations in Sweden are part of the Nordic legal tradition. This is characterised by labour law which is largely semi-discretionary law and collective agreements are the most important instrument for regulation of the labour market; these agreements offer a high degree of coverage. Trade unions are well organised and play a central role in the labour law system. During the past 25 years Swedish law has been adapted on a running basis to meet EU legislative requirements. The collective bargaining in Sweden is partly centralized and partly decentralized. In a few decades, wage formation has shifted from strict, fixed going-rate agreements, and sometimes as far as figureless agreements without minimum salaries and that are valid until further notice.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Fahlbeck and Mulder (2009), p. 13 f.; Fahlbeck (2002), p. 99.

  2. 2.

    Chapter 2 Sections 1 (3–5) and 14 Instrument of Government.

  3. 3.

    See the role of legislation Fahlbeck and Mulder (2009), p. 23.

  4. 4.

    The mandatory minimum regulations often have their origins in EU-law.

  5. 5.

    Fahlbeck (2006/07), pp. 42–56.

  6. 6.

    Despite significant differences among the countries of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland, the term Nordic model is often used. Fahlbeck (2002), pp. 87–133; Bruun et al. (1990); Nyström (2017).

  7. 7.

    Källström et al. (2016), p. 80 f.; Glavå and Hansson (2016), p. 164 ff. See also Articles 23, 26 and 27 of the Co-determination Act.

  8. 8.

    Section 23 of the Co-determination Act, see also Fahlbeck and Mulder (2009), p. 34 ff.

  9. 9.

    Bergqvist et al. (1997), p. 310.

  10. 10.

    Fahlbeck and Mulder (2009), p. 35; Fahlbeck (2006/07); Bergqvist et al. (1997), p. 321.

  11. 11.

    Bergqvist et al. (1997), p. 322 and Supreme Court ruling NJA 1967 p. 513 see also Government Bill 1991/92:170, (om Europeiska ekonomiska samarbetsområdet (EES)) on the European Economic Area (EES), attached document 9 p. 25 f.

  12. 12.

    Bergqvist et al. (1997), p. 322 and Labour Court ruling AD 1977 no 10.

  13. 13.

    Section 4 of the 1977 Annual Holidays Act.

  14. 14.

    Fahlbeck and Mulder (2009), p. 34 f.

  15. 15.

    Small-scale employers in Sweden on the other hand, with few employees, are not exempted or subject to special rules. Exceptions exist in Chapter 3 Sections 13 and 14 of the Discrimination Act and in Section 22 of the 1982 Employment Protection Act.

  16. 16.

    See also Fahlbeck and Mulder (2009), p. 37 f.

  17. 17.

    Fahlbeck (1989), p. 116 f.

  18. 18.

    Fahlbeck (1989), p. 108 f.

  19. 19.

    Fahlbeck and Sigeman (2001), p. 116 f.

  20. 20.

    See also Fahlbeck and Mulder (2009), p. 22 f.

  21. 21.

    See Källström et al. (2016), p. 88; Fahlbeck (1989), p. 98 f.

  22. 22.

    See also Fahlbeck (2002), p. 126 ff.; Fahlbeck (2002), p. 90 f.

  23. 23.

    Schmidt et al. (1997), p. 74 f.

  24. 24.

    Fahlbeck (1989), p. 107 f.

  25. 25.

    Section 31 Co-determination Act.

  26. 26.

    Labour Court ruling 1935 no 9.

  27. 27.

    Schmidt et al. (1997), p. 187 f.

  28. 28.

    One example is the Government Bill to Parliament 1999/2000:32 (Lönebildning för full sysselsättning Salary development for full employment) A new and completely unique occurrence in the Swedish context is that in 2016, the state got involved in wage formation for teachers through Decree 2016:100, ordering a three-billion increase in government subsidies for higher wages to teachers and some other related staff categories. The background here was that since the 1970s, teachers as an occupational group have had weak salary development compared to other academically qualified professionals. Few students are applying to teacher education programmes and many leave the field after only a few years. Thus it has become a matter of political urgency to increase teacher salaries. Most teachers are municipal employees, as the Swedish school system shifted from state to municipal control in 1989. Fifteen per cent of compulsory-school students and 25% of secondary-school students attend private schools, http://www.ekonomifakta.se/Fakta/Valfarden-i-privat-regi/Skolan-i-privat-regi/Elever-i-friskola. Accessed 15 Sept 2018.

  29. 29.

    In 1965 the law for the public sector was changed so that white-collar employees and professionals were able to negotiate all matters relating to salaries with their public-sector employers.

  30. 30.

    See also http://www.mi.se/other-languages/in-english/. Accessed 15 Sept 2018.

  31. 31.

    See for example the Main Agreement on salary and general employment conditions and recommendation for the local agreement etc. (Huvudöverenskommelse om lön och allmänna anställningsvillkor samt rekommendation om lokalt kollektivavtal m.m. - HÖK 12 between the National Union of Teachers in Sweden (LR) and the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SKL).

  32. 32.

    For example, several of the collective agreements for academically qualified professions, such as the Agreement on salary and general employment conditions (Akademikeravtalet) between Almega Technology & Design employers and the Swedish Association of Graduate Engineers (Sveriges Ingenjörer) the Swedish Association of Architects (Sveriges arkitekter).

  33. 33.

    See Westregård and Milton (2016).

  34. 34.

    See Annual report from The Swedish Mediation Officce; Avtalsrörelsen och lönebildningen. Årsrapport från Medlingsinstitutet 2017, pp. 224–225.

  35. 35.

    If a company do not have a collective agreement it is often in a ‘new’ industry.

  36. 36.

    Medlingsinstitutets årsrapport 2017, p. 231.

  37. 37.

    See also Fahlbeck (2002), p. 93 f.; Fahlbeck and Mulder (2009), p. 18 f.

  38. 38.

    Medlingsinstitutets årsrapport 2017, p. 217 ff.

  39. 39.

    Medlingsinstitutets årsrapport 2017, p. 217 and Eriksson (2010).

  40. 40.

    Schmidt et al. (1989), p. 161.

  41. 41.

    Westregård (2005), pp. 653–675.

  42. 42.

    Fahlbeck and Mulder (2009), p. 13 ff.

  43. 43.

    PTK unites unions at industry level belonging to the Swedish Federation of Professionals Association (SACO) and the Federation of White-Collar Workers (TCO).

  44. 44.

    Nycander (2002), p. 146 f. and the development from the coordinated negotiations in Chapter 9.

  45. 45.

    http://www.industriradet.se/wp-content/uploads/Industriavtalet-2011.pdf. Accessed 15 Sept 2018. The agreement contains the purpose and direction of the Negotiation Agreement, negotiation procedure and cooperation in labour-market issues – the Industrial Negotiation Council the parties on sectorial or industrial level.

  46. 46.

    For a detailed description see Nycander (2002).

  47. 47.

    Fahlbeck (2000), pp. 409–427.

  48. 48.

    Part I Introduction—the purpose and direction of the Negotiation Agreement, paragraph 7.

  49. 49.

    For an overview see Lönebildning och jämställdhet, en rapport från Swedish National Mediation Office, 2015, p. 64 ff.

  50. 50.

    See Final offer, 30 March 2017 to companies/unions in the engineering industry; to Association of Swedish Engineering Industrie (Teknikarbetsgivarna) and Metalworkers and Industrial workers (IF Metall), to Teknikarbetsgivarna and Unionen (white-collar union) and to Association of Swedish Engineering Industrie (Teknikarbetsgivarna) and The Swedish Association of Graduate Engineers (Sveriges Ingenjörer). The total agreement value is 6.5%, 6.0% of which is salary agreement value and 0.5% of which is premiums for part-time pension.

  51. 51.

    Medlingsinstitutets årsrapport 2015, p. 73.

  52. 52.

    Paragraph 2 item 3 Decree (2007:912) with instructions for the National Mediation Office.

  53. 53.

    For example HÖK 12 Annex 5.

  54. 54.

    http://www.mi.se/press/nyheter/2015/02/lonebildningen-ar-2014/. Accessed 15 Sept 2018.

  55. 55.

    Medlingsinstitutets årsrapport 2015, pp. 127–128 and Medlingsinstitutets årsrapport 2017, p. 239 ff.

  56. 56.

    https://lararnastidning.se/mer-i-lon-an-andra-fyra-ar-i-rad/. Accessed 15 Sept 2018.

  57. 57.

    Municipal Agreement on Bargaining Procedure (Kommunalt avtal om förhandlingsordning etc., KAF), wording from and including 1 May 2000 paragraph 2.

  58. 58.

    Fahlbeck and Mulder (2009), p. 33.

  59. 59.

    European Court of Human Rights Judgment 6 February 1976 Svenska Lokförareförbundet v. Sweden Series A no 20.

  60. 60.

    Dir. 2017:70 Översyn av rätten att vidta stridsåtgärder på arbetsmarknaden.

  61. 61.

    SOU (Guvernement White Paper) 2018:40 Vissa fredspliktfrågor, presented in June 2018.

  62. 62.

    https://www.regeringen.se/artiklar/2018/06/ylva-johansson-om-arbetsmarknadens-parters-forslag-om-strejkratten/. Accessed 15 Sept 2018.

  63. 63.

    Labour Court ruling 1978 no 111 and Hansson (2010), p. 342 f; Källström et al. (2016), p. 64 f; Fahlbeck (2007a, b); Glavå and Hansson (2016), p. 228 ff.

  64. 64.

    See further Fahlbeck (2007a, b).

  65. 65.

    Laval un Partneri C-341/05, EU:C:2007:809.

  66. 66.

    Källström et al. (2016), p. 65.

  67. 67.

    Section Swedish Code of Statutes (SFS 1991:681).

  68. 68.

    Judgement Laval un Partneri EU:C:2007:809.

  69. 69.

    Section Swedish Code of Statutes (SFS 2010:229).

  70. 70.

    Labour Court ruling AD 2009 no 89.

  71. 71.

    Collective complaint No 85/2012.

  72. 72.

    Resolution CM/ResChS(2014)1 Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees (TCO) v. Sweden, Complaint No. 85/2012. Decision 3 July 2013.

  73. 73.

    Section Swedish Code of Statutes (SFS 2017:321). See also Ministry Publications Series (Departements skrivelse) Ds. 2016:6 Entreprenörsansvar och svenska kollektivavtalsvillkor vid utstationering, Government White Paper, SOU 2015:83 Översyn av lex Laval, Government Bill to Parliament 2016/17:107 Nya utstationeringsregler and Arbetsmarknadsutskottet 2016/17:AU9.

  74. 74.

    Nyström (2017), chapter 10.6 and 10.7.

  75. 75.

    LO’s collective agreement on general employment conditions with Almega Temporary Work Agencies.

  76. 76.

    See the collective agreement of the Union and the Academic Alliance with Almega Temporary Work Agencies on general employment conditions. The Swedish Association of Graduate Engineers is the representative for the Academic Alliance. The Academic Alliance includes a variety of associations for different professional occupational groups, such as university teachers, physiotherapists, scientists, engineers etc.: Akademikerförbundet SSR, Civilekonomerna, DIK, Sveriges Arbetsterapeuter, Fysioterapeuterna, Jusek, Naturvetarna, Sveriges Farmaceuter, Sveriges Ingenjörer, Sveriges Psykologförbund, Sveriges Skolledarförbund, Sveriges universitetslärarförbund och Sveriges Veterinärförbund.

  77. 77.

    See Westregård and Milton (2016).

  78. 78.

    See http://www.unionen.se/in-english. Accessed 15 Sept 2018 and http://www.unionen.se/medlemskapet/egenforetagare. Accessed 15 Sept 2018 and Joint declaration between IG Metall, Germany and Unionen, Sweden, signed 8 June 2016 and The Union’s report: Plattformsekonomin och den svenska partsmodellen. Unionen 2016.

  79. 79.

    Refer to ‘Aftonbladet avslöjar’ (Aftonbladet reveals): Ryanairpiloternas villkor (Ryanair pilots’ working conditions), Aftonbladet 28 February 2014 and general discussion of this case (Ryanair is not, of course, a Swedish company).

  80. 80.

    The following section is partly based on and corresponds with Westregård (2016) and conference paper Westregård (2015).

  81. 81.

    Malmberg (2001), pp. 187–208, p. 195 f. and references therein.

  82. 82.

    Källström (2002), pp. 77–86, p. 79.

  83. 83.

    Sections 8, 10 and 23 Co-Determination Act.

  84. 84.

    See also Källström (2002), p. 79; Malmberg (2001), p. 195 f.

  85. 85.

    Swedish Code of Statutes (SFS 2008:579).

  86. 86.

    Judgment in FNV Kunsten Informatie en Media, C-413/13, EU:C:2014:2411 paragraphs 27 and 28.

  87. 87.

    See Government Bill to Parliament 1981/82:165 p. 194 and Carlsson et al. (1999), p. 35 f. The rules have been transferred to the new Competition Act (2008:576) and the Government Bill to Parliament 2007/08:135 Ny konkurrenslag m.m. p. 247.

  88. 88.

    URA agreement on work abroad and guidelines for employment conditions for service abroad (URA avtal om utlandsvistelse och riktlinjer för anställningsvillkor vid tjänstgöring utomlands – reglerar bl a arbetstid, semester, pension, försäkringar, ersättning för bostad, resor och barns skolgång mm.) between Swedish Agency for Government Employers (Arbetsgivarverket) and the federal Employee Unions (de centrala arbetstagarorganisationerna) from January 1st 2002.

  89. 89.

    Agreement on social security for employees during foreign assignments (Avtal om social trygghet för tjänstemän vid utlandstjänstgöring mm.) between—the Confederation of Swedish Enterprise and Industry (Svenskt Näringsliv—SN) and the Council for negotiation and cooperation (PTK privattjänstemanna kartellen) from October 1st 1985.

  90. 90.

    http://www.industriall-union.org/archive/imf/all-framework-agreements. Accessed 15 Sept 2018.

  91. 91.

    See Westregård and Milton (2016).

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  1. Department of Business Law, School of Economics and Management, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

    Annamaria J. Westregård

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    Ulla Liukkunen

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Westregård, A.J. (2019). Sweden. In: Liukkunen, U. (eds) Collective Bargaining in Labour Law Regimes. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 32. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16977-0_21

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