Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Access to Books, Libraries, and Information: Cultural Right, Human Right

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Books Across Borders

Part of the book series: New Directions in Book History ((NDBH))

Abstract

This chapter turns to UNESCO’s role in developing and articulating the notion of cultural rights as human rights within the context of the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In particular, Article 19 regarding freedom of expression and freedom to information, Article 26 regarding education, and Article 27 regarding culture have been linked conceptually and practically to UNESCO from the time of their drafting. UNESCO’s 1948 Summer School for Librarians and its 1949 Human Rights Exhibition and Manifesto for Libraries provided innovative and influential ways for UNESCO to educate people all over the world that they had the right to expect and demand public libraries and free and open access to information and publications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Statement Concerning the Implementation of Cultural Rights (Articles 28 – 31 of The Draft International Covenant on Human Rights) Presented to the Director-General of UNESCO by the WJC, 8 June 1951, 3. AJA, WJC, B/127/1.

  2. 2.

    Emphasis in original. Jacques Maritain, “Introduction,” in Human Rights: Comments and Interpretations, A Symposium edited by UNESCO. UNESCO/PHS/3(rev), Paris, 25 July 1948, p. I. Unless otherwise noted all citations are from this UNESCO document rather than from the 1949 publication of the same title.

  3. 3.

    Jaime Torres Bodet, “An Act of Self Examination: Past Endeavors Future Action,” UNESCO Courier II:9 (1 October 1949): 9–10.

  4. 4.

    Jaime Torres Bodet to various, undated. UA, Public Libraries Manifesto.

  5. 5.

    Eleanor Roosevelt, “The Great Question,” remarks delivered at the United Nations, New York, 27 March 1958.

  6. 6.

    Paul Gordon Lauren, The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), 236.

  7. 7.

    Janusz Symonides, “Cultural Rights: A Neglected Category of Human Rights,” International Social Science Journal 50:158 (December 1998): 559.

  8. 8.

    “The Library and the People,” unsigned, undated. Apparent early draft of the Public Library Manifesto with notes in Carter’s hand. UA, 02 A 31 “Public Libraries Manifesto.”

  9. 9.

    Shirley A. Wiegand and Wayne A. Wiegand, The Desegregation of Public Libraries in the Jim Crow South: Civil Rights and Local Activism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2018).

  10. 10.

    Julie Biando Edwards and Stephan P. Edwards, eds., Beyond Article 19: Libraries and Social and Cultural Rights (Sacramento, CA: Library Juice Press, 2010).

  11. 11.

    UNESCO Social and Human Sciences, “UNESCO and the Declaration,” http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/human-rights-based-approach/60th-anniversary-of-udhr/unesco-and-the-declaration/. Accessed 8 September 2018.

  12. 12.

    Message from Ms. Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO, on the Occasion of Human Rights Day, 10 December 2018, DG/ME/ID/2018/50—Original: English.

  13. 13.

    Carter , Paper read to the UNESCO Summer School for Public Librarians, 27 August 1948, 3. UA, Summer Course.

  14. 14.

    Goodale, Letters to the Contrary; Goodale, “The Myth of Universality: The UNESCO ‘Philosophers’ Committee’ and the Making of Human Rights,” Law & Social History 43:3 (Summer 2018): 596–617.

  15. 15.

    UNESCO, ed. Human Rights: Comments and Interpretations, (London & New York: Allan Wingate, ca. 1948), 8; “The Grounds of an International Declaration of Human Rights” (Report of the UNESCO Committee on the Philosophic Principles of the Rights of Man to the Commission on Human Rights of the United Nations), Paris, 31 July 1947. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001243/124350eb.pdf. Accessed 20 September 2018.

  16. 16.

    Quoted in Alexander Gordon Danilovic, “Pragmatism, Philosophy and International Politics: The UNESCO Committee on the Philosophic Principles of the Rights of Man and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” MA Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2002, 13.

  17. 17.

    “The Grounds of an International Declaration of Human Rights.”

  18. 18.

    Some of “the most significant” response texts were compiled in UNESCO, Human Rights, I.

  19. 19.

    “The Grounds of an International Declaration of Human Rights,” 9.

  20. 20.

    Quoted in Danilovic, “Pragmatism, Philosophy and International Politics,” 38.

  21. 21.

    “Universal Rights,” UNESCO Courier II:9 (1 October 1949): 5.

  22. 22.

    For opposing views see Mark Mazower, “The Strange Triumph of Human Rights, 1933–1950,” The Historical Journal 47:2 (2004): 380; Michael Ignatieff, “Human Rights as Idolatry,” in Amy Gutmann, ed., Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry (Princeton University Press, 2001), 81.

  23. 23.

    W.E. Williams, “UNESCO Portrays History of Human Right,” Museum II:4 (1949): 201.

  24. 24.

    Ibid.

  25. 25.

    Roland Burke, “Emotional Diplomacy and Human Rights at the United Nations,” Human Rights Quarterly 39 (2017): 279.

  26. 26.

    “Emancipation Document Added to UNESCO Exhibition on WJC Initiative,” WJC Congress Digest, 27 October 1949.

  27. 27.

    Les Droits de L’Homme: album exposition (Paris: UNESCO, 1950), 89.

  28. 28.

    Les Droits de L’Homme, 89.

  29. 29.

    Les Droits de L’Homme, 90.

  30. 30.

    Les Droits de L’Homme, 91.

  31. 31.

    Plan de l’Exposition des droits de l’homme, undated. Archives, Musee Galliera, Dossier UNESCO.

  32. 32.

    Projet de lettre aux gouvernements pour l’exposition des droits de l’homme, unsigned, undated. Archives, Musee Galliera, Dossier UNESCO.

  33. 33.

    Les Droits de L’Homme, 110.

  34. 34.

    Wolf Blattberg to Dr. Kubowitzki, 6 Dec 1945. AJA, WJC, E/8/12.

  35. 35.

    Restitution of Property Summary of Report of Dr. F.R. Bienefeld, undated [circa summer 1947], 4–5. London Metropolitan Archives (hereafter LMA), Acc/3121/C11/8/2/2/1, P2.

  36. 36.

    O.C. Minutes, December 1947. AJA, WJC, B/127/10.

  37. 37.

    Wolf Blattberg to Marcus, 11 May 1949. AJA, WJC, E/4/5; Congress Digest, 26 April 1949. AJA, WJC, B/126/17.

  38. 38.

    René Maheu, “The Right to Information and the Right to Expression of Opinion,” 226. Human Rights: Comments and Interpretations, A Symposium edited by UNESCO. UNESCO/PHS/3(rev), Paris, 25 July 1948, p. I.

  39. 39.

    Mr. Wierblowski, Head of the Polish Delegation to the Second UNESCO General Conference writing in the Polish fortnightly periodical International Revue as quoted in Bernard Drzewieski, Confidential Memo, 2 March 1948. UA, X 07.21 (438) Relations with Poland—Official.

  40. 40.

    Louis H. Porter, “Cold War Internationalisms: The USSR in UNESCO, 1945–1967,” PhD Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2018; Maurel, Histoire de l’UNESCO, 130–131; S. E. Graham, “The (Real)politiks of Culture: U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO, 1946–1954,” Diplomatic History 30:2 (April 2006): 231–251.

  41. 41.

    Joan Smith, “A Man for all Seasons,” Lien/Link 44 (1993): 17.

  42. 42.

    Carter to P.S.J. Welsford, Secretary, The Library Association, 20 September 1946. UA, Preparatory Commission, Box 42, 37/13/345, Libraries, Collaboration with IFLA.

  43. 43.

    1936 Constitution of the USSR. http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/russian/const/1936toc.html. Accessed 1 September 2018.

  44. 44.

    See for example Greg Barnhisel and Catherine Turner, eds., Pressing the Fight: Print, Propaganda and the Cold War (University of Massachusetts Press, 2012) and John B. Hench, Books as Weapons: Propaganda, Publishing, and the Battle for Global Markets in the Era of World War II (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010).

  45. 45.

    UNESCO Preparatory Commission, Revised Progress Report on the Programme of UNESCO, Chapter VI, Cultural Institutions, Libraries, Archives, Publications and Museums, 16 August 1946. UA, Preparatory Commission Vol. I Documents.

  46. 46.

    Philippe Poirrier, ed., Pour une histoire des politiques culturelles dans le monde 1945–2011 (Paris: Comite d’histoire du ministère de la culture, 2011), 14.

  47. 47.

    Conseil Constitutionnel de France, “Constitution de 1946, IVe République” https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/les-constitutions-dans-l-histoire/constitution-de-1946-ive-republique. Accessed 10 March 2018.

  48. 48.

    Philip Nord, France ’s New Deal from the Thirties to the Postwar Era (Princeton University Press, 2010), 14.

  49. 49.

    Jacques Maritain to Ministre des Affaires Étrangères, 28 January 1948, p. 14. MAE, S50 3–5 UNESCO.

  50. 50.

    Quoted in the UNESCO Courier II:10 (1 November 1949): 21.

  51. 51.

    Le Gouvernement provisoire de la République française, Ordonnance n° 45–2678, 2 November 1945. http://adbdp.web03.b2f-concept.net/spip.php?article670. Accessed 10 September 2018.

  52. 52.

    Anne-Marie Bertrand, Bibliothèque publique et public library: Essai de généalogie comparée (Villeurbanne: Presses de l’enssib, 2010), 22, 98; Regards sur un demi-siècle: Cinquantenaire du “Bulletin des bibliothèques de France ” numéro hors série (Paris: Bulletin des bibliothèques de France, 2006).

  53. 53.

    UNESCO, International Summer School for Librarians, 3 May 1948. UA, Summer Course.

  54. 54.

    Jeffrey M. Wilhite, 85 Years IFLA: A History and Chronology of Sessions 1927–2012 (Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter Saur, 2012), 131.

  55. 55.

    For a timeline and more about the history of IFLA see Wilhite, 85 Years IFLA.

  56. 56.

    Paper read to the UNESCO Summer School for Public Librarians, 27 August 1948, p. 4, 6. UA, Summer Course.

  57. 57.

    UNESCO International Summer School for Librarians, The Work of the Libraries Division, 1948, Paris, 17 September 1948. UA, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001474/147429eb.pdf. Accessed 12 August 2018.

  58. 58.

    Czechoslovak Government Delegate to UNESCO (Dr. Benjamin Jedlicka) to S.G. Gebelt Esq. Acting Head of Bureau of External Relations UNESCO, 29 November 1949. UA, Summer Course.

  59. 59.

    Carter , Report of the UNESCO/IFLA International Summer School for Librarians, p. 9. UA, Summer Course.

  60. 60.

    David Revcolevschi, “L’Unesco et le conflit israelo-arabe: 1948–1967,” PhD Dissertation, Université Paris 1, 1992, 21.

  61. 61.

    Carter , Paper read to the UNESCO Summer School for Public Librarians, 27 August 1948, 4, 6. UA, Summer Course.

  62. 62.

    Evaluation report by Wilma Radfod, N.S.W. Public Library, Australia, April 1949. UA, Summer Course.

  63. 63.

    Evaluation from Poland. UA, Summer Course.

  64. 64.

    Carter memorandum of discussions during London visit 21–24 April 1948, 26 April 1948. UA, Summer Course.

  65. 65.

    Everett N. Petersen, “Unesco and Public Libraries,” Library Trends 1:4 (April 1953): 533.

  66. 66.

    Rapport final des participants français, undated, p. 3. UA, Summer Course.

  67. 67.

    Evaluation from Poland, undated. UA, Summer Course.

  68. 68.

    Carter , Paper read to the UNESCO Summer School for Public Librarians, 27 August 1948, 4, 6. UA, Summer Course.

  69. 69.

    Evaluation from Poland, p. 2. UA, Summer Course.

  70. 70.

    Emile Delavenay to Director, Department of Cultural Activities, 21 July 1950. UA, X07.353.321 UNESCO Publications General.

  71. 71.

    Petersen, “Unesco and Public Libraries,” 538.

  72. 72.

    Carter , Report of the UNESCO/IFLA International Summer School for Librarians, p. 8. UA, Summer Course.

  73. 73.

    Jaime Torres Bodet, Avant-Propos, in Carl Thomsen, Edward Sydney and Miriam D. Tompkins, Le Rôle des bibliothèques publiques dans l’éducation des adultes Manuels de l’Unesco à l’usage des bibliothèques publiques. 3 (Paris: UNESCO, 1950), v.

  74. 74.

    Arne Kildal, official report as UNESCO document, 25 February 1949, p. 12. UA, Summer Course.

  75. 75.

    “News and Information,” UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries II:1 (January 1948): 2.

  76. 76.

    Resolution 6.51112. Quoted in Torres Bodet to various, undated. UA, Public Libraries Manifesto.

  77. 77.

    Torres Bodet to various, undated. UA, Public Libraries Manifesto.

  78. 78.

    Barbro Thomas, “Books and Libraries,” Scandinavian Public Library Quarterly 1 (2007): 16.

  79. 79.

    André Maurois, “André Maurois Speaks of Books and Libraries,” The UNESCO Courier (May 1961): 7. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000638/063847eo.pdf. Accessed 17 August 2018.

  80. 80.

    Amelia Grabowski, “Karl Shapiro at the Enoch Pratt Free Library,” Explore Baltimore Heritage. https://explore.baltimoreheritage.org/items/show/117

  81. 81.

    “History of the Library,” Enoch Pratt Free Library. http://www.prattlibrary.org/history/. Accessed 27 August 2018.

  82. 82.

    UNESCO General Conference, Second Session, “UNESCO’s Public Libraries Programme.” UA, 2C/38, 3 October 1947.

  83. 83.

    Emerson Greenaway, Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore to Carter, 27 May 1948. UA, 02 A 31 Public Libraries Manifesto.

  84. 84.

    Edward J. Carter, “International Co-Operation” The Library Association Record 49:8 (August 1947): 208.

  85. 85.

    Diana Rosenberg, “Imposing Libraries: The Establishment of National Public Library Services in Africa, with Particular Reference to Kenya,” World Libraries 4:1 (Fall 1993).

  86. 86.

    The Manifesto was also influenced by the American Library Association’s Library Bill of Rights, first adopted in 1939. http://www.ala.org/advocacy/intfreedom/librarybill. Accessed 12 September 2018.

  87. 87.

    Greenaway to Carter, 27 May 1948. UA, Public Libraries Manifesto.

  88. 88.

    Carter to Robert L. Hansen, Statens Bibliotekstilsyn, Copenhagen, June 1948. UA, Public Libraries Manifesto.

  89. 89.

    Edward Sydney, “Public Library Development in the Post-War Years: The First Decade,” in J.L. Sardana, ed., Libraries and Information Studies in Retrospect and Prospect Essays in Honor of Prof. D.R. Kalia, Volume 2 (New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 2002), 342.

  90. 90.

    Kerstin Hassner, “The model library project – a way to implement the UNESCO Public Library Manifesto,” 64th IFLA General Conference August 16–August 21, 1998.

  91. 91.

    Carter , “Unesco’s Library Programs and Work,” 241.

  92. 92.

    Carter to all members on IFLA sub-commission on public libraries, June 1948. UA, Public Library Manifesto.

  93. 93.

    Bulk shipments of The Public Library A Living Force for Popular Education,” undated. UA, Public Libraries Manifesto.

  94. 94.

    Guido Geyer, Director, Rathaus-Stadtbücherei, Rheydt, 13 February 1950 to Petersen. UA, Public Libraries Manifesto.

  95. 95.

    Torres Bodet to various, undated. UA, Public Libraries Manifesto.

  96. 96.

    Abdelaziz Abid, “Revision of the Unesco Public Library Manifesto,” 62nd IFLA General Conference —Conference Proceedings—August 25–31, 1996.

  97. 97.

    Hassner, “The model library project.”

  98. 98.

    See for example, Kathleen de la Peña McCook and Katharine Phenix, “Human Rights, Democracy, and Librarians,” in Ken Haycock and Brooke E. Sheldon, eds., The Portable MLIS: Insights from the Experts (Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2008), 23–34.

  99. 99.

    Felipe Meneses, “60o aniversario de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos: 1948–2008,” message posted to blog Biblio-Info-Sociedad 2 (Bibliotecas Informacion y Sociedad 2 [no longer online].

  100. 100.

    McCook and Phenix, “Human Rights, Democracy and Librarians.” See also Toni Samek, Librarianship and Human Rights: A Twenty-First Century Guide (Oxford: Chandos Publishing, 2007).

  101. 101.

    Kathleen de la Peña McCook and Katharine J. Phenix, “Public Libraries and Human Rights,” Public Library Quarterly 25:1–2 (2006): 69.

  102. 102.

    Gerald Leitner, Human Rights Day 2018. https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/faife/publications/misc/gerald-leitner-human-rights-day-video-message.pdf. Accessed 5 January 2019.

  103. 103.

    John W. Barry, “FDR Library to Host Symposium on Universal Declaration of Human Rights Friday,” Poughkeepsie Journal, 6 December 2018.

  104. 104.

    For example, in 1999 the U.S. National Commission on Libraries and Information Science passed a resolution adopting Principles for Public Library Services based on the UNESCO Public Library Manifesto.

  105. 105.

    Meaghan O’Connor, “IFLA / UNESCO Public Library Manifesto (1994),” 20 August 2009, https://irexgl.wordpress.com/2009/08/20/ifla-unesco-manifest-1994/. Accessed 8 September 2018.

  106. 106.

    IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto 1994. https://www.ifla.org/publications/iflaunesco-public-library-manifesto-1994. Accessed 18 August 2018.

Bibliography

Archives

Publications

  • Abid, Abdelaziz, “Revision of the Unesco Public Library Manifesto,” 62nd IFLA General Conference – Conference Proceedings – August 25–31, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnhisel, Greg and Catherine Turner, eds., Pressing the Fight: Print, Propaganda and the Cold War (University of Massachusetts Press, 2012).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand, Anne-Marie, Bibliothèque publique et public library: Essai de généalogie comparée (Villeurbanne: Presses de l’enssib, 2010).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, Roland, “Emotional Diplomacy and Human Rights at the United Nations,” Human Rights Quarterly 39 (2017): 273–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, Edward J., “International Co-Operation” The Library Association Record 49:8 (August 1947): 208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, Edward J., “Unesco’s Library Programs and Work,” The Library Quarterly 18:4 (October 1948): 235–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danilovic, Alexander Gordon, “Pragmatism, Philosophy and International Politics: The UNESCO Committee on the Philosophic Principles of the Rights of Man and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” MA Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, Julie Biando and Stephan P. Edwards, eds., Beyond Article 19: Libraries and Social and Cultural Rights (Sacramento, CA: Library Juice Press, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodale, Mark, Letters to the Contrary: A Curated History of the UNESCO Human Rights Survey (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2018a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodale, Mark, “The Myth of Universality: The UNESCO ‘Philosophers’ Committee’ and the Making of Human Rights,” Law & Social History 43:3 (Summer 2018b): 596–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S.E., “The (Real)politiks of Culture: U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in Unesco, 1946–1954,” Diplomatic History 30:2 (April 2006): 231–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gutmann, Amy, ed., Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry (Princeton University Press, 2001).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassner, Kerstin, “The model library project –S a way to implement the UNESCO Public Library Manifesto,” 64th IFLA General Conference August 16–August 21, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haycock, Ken, and Brooke E. Sheldon, eds., The Portable MLIS: Insights from the Experts (Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2008).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hench, John B., Books as Weapons: Propaganda, Publishing, and the Battle for Global Markets in the Era of World War II (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, Lynn, Inventing Human Rights: A History (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauren, Paul Gordon, The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeffler, James, Rooted Cosmopolitans: Jews and Human Rights in the Twentieth Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lor, Peter Johan, “The IFLA-UNESCO partnership 1947–2012,” IFLA Journal 38 (2012): 269–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maurel, Chloé, Histoire de l’UNESCO: Les trente premières années. 1945–1974 (Paris : L’Harmattan, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazower, Mark, “The Strange Triumph of Human Rights, 1933–1950,” The Historical Journal 47:2 (2004): 379–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCook, Kathleen de la Peña and Katharine J. Phenix, “Public Libraries and Human Rights,” Public Library Quarterly 25:1–2 (2006): 57–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moyn, Samuel, “René Cassin (1887–1976): Human Rights and Jewish Internationalism,” in Jacques Picard et al., eds., Makers of Jewish Modernity: Thinkers, Artists, Leaders, and the World They Made (Princeton University Press, 2016): 278–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nord, Philip, France’s New Deal from the Thirties to the Postwar Era (Princeton University Press, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, Everett N., “Unesco and Public Libraries,” Library Trends 1:4 (April 1953): 531–542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poirrier, Philippe, ed., Pour une histoire des politiques culturelles dans le monde 1945–2011 (Paris: Comite d’histoire du ministère de la culture, 2011).

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter, Louis H., “Cold War Internationalisms: The USSR in UNESCO, 1945–1967,” PhD Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, Diana, “Imposing Libraries: The Establishment of National Public Library Services in Africa, with Particular Reference to Kenya,” World Libraries 4:1 (Fall 1993): 35–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubinstein, Stanley and Judith Farley, “Enoch Pratt Free Library and Black Patrons: Equality in Library Services, 1882–1915,” The Journal of Library History (1974–1987) 15:4 (Fall 1980): 445–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samek, Toni, Librarianship and Human Rights: A Twenty-First Century Guide (Oxford: Chandos Publishing, 2007).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Joan, “A Man for all Seasons,” Lien/Link 44 (1993), 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sydney, Edward, “Public Library Development in the Post-War Years: The First Decade,” in, J.L. Sardana, ed., Libraries and Information Studies in Retrospect and Prospect Essays in Honor of Prof. D.R. Kalia, Volume 2 (New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 2002), 338–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Symonides, Janusz, “Cultural Rights: A Neglected Category of Human Rights,” International Social Science Journal 50:158 (December 1998): 559–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, Barbro, “Books and Libraries,” Scandinavian Public Library Quarterly 1 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen, Carl, Edward Sydney and Miriam D. Tompkins, Le Rôle des bibliothèques publiques dans l’éducation des adultes Manuels de l’Unesco a l’usage des bibliothèques publiques. 3 (Paris: Unesco, 1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO, ed. Human Rights: Comments and Interpretations (London & New York: Allan Wingate, ca. 1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO, Les Droits de L’Homme: Album Exposition (Paris: UNESCO, 1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiegand, Shirley A. and Wayne A. Wiegand, The Desegregation of Public Libraries in the Jim Crow South: Civil Rights and Local Activism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2018).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilhite, Jeffrey M., 85 Years IFLA: A History and Chronology of Sessions 1927–2012 (Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter Saur, 2012).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, W.E., “UNESCO Portrays History of Human Right,” Museum II:4 (1949), 201–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winter, Jay, “René Cassin and the Alliance Israélite Universelle,” Modern Judaism 32:1 (2012): 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolosz, Jan, “Librarianship in Postwar Poland,” Polish Libraries Today (1991): 26–34.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Alden Library, Ohio University Libraries, Athens, OH, USA

    Miriam Intrator

Authors
  1. Miriam Intrator
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Intrator, M. (2019). Access to Books, Libraries, and Information: Cultural Right, Human Right. In: Books Across Borders. New Directions in Book History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15816-3_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation