Abstract
Due to various developmental events, the trajectory of the facial nerve is tortuous and complex from its origin in the brainstem to the muscles of the face. The ingenious pathway of the facial nerve through the middle ear and mastoid adds to the complexity and refinement of middle ear microsurgery. A new understanding of the developmental anatomy of the facial nerve is described to anticipate the various anatomical situations that can be encountered during ear surgery. Imaging and endoscopic illustrations were revised in detail in this second edition.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Louryan S. Développement du nerf facial. In: Martin-Duverneuil N, editor. A propos du nerf facial. Paris: Guerbet; 1994. p. 3–9.
Gavalas A, Ruhrberg C, Liver J, Henderson CE, Krumlauf R. Neuronal defects in the hindbrain of Hoxa 1, Hoxb1 and Hoxb2 mutants reflect regulatory interactions among these Hox genes. Development. 2003;130:5663–79.
Sataloff RT, Selber JC. Phylogeny and embryology of the facial nerve and related structures. Part II: embryology. Ear Nose Throat J. 2003;82:769–72.
Bast TH, Anson BJ, Richany SF. The development of the second branchial arch (Reichert’s cartilage), facial canal and associated structures in man. Q Bull Northwest Univ Med Sch. 1956;30:235–49.
Declau F, Jacob W, Montoro S, Marquet J. Dehiscence of the facial canal: developmental aspects. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1991;21:21–32.
Spector JG, Ge X. Ossification patterns of the tympanic facial canal in the human fetus and neonate. Laryngoscope. 1993;103:1052–65.
Gasser RF, Sigihara S, Shimada K. Three-dimensional development of the facial nerve path though the ear region in human embryos. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1994;103:395–403.
Louryan SM. Imaging case study of the month: pure second arch syndrome. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1993;102:904–5.
GulyaIn AJ. Developmental anatomy of the temporal bone and skull base. In: Glasscock-Shambaugh’s surgery of the ear. 6th ed. Shelton: People’s Medical Publishing House; 2010. p. 3–27.
Wetmore RF, Muntz HR, McGill TJ. Pediatric otolaryngology: principles and practice pathways. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers; 2000.
Chandra S, Goyal M, Gandhi D, Gera S, Berry M. Anatomy of the facial nerve in the temporal bone: HRCT. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 1999;9(1):5–8.
Cornelia U, editor. Paralizii le nervu lui facial. Laşi: Ars Longa; 2001. p. 11–7.
Gantz Bruce J, Rubinstein Jay T. Intratemporal facial nerve surgery. In: CW Cummings, JM Fredrickson, LA Harker, CJ Krause, MA Richardson, DE Schuller, editors. Otolaryngology head and neck surgery. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby—Year Book; 1998. 4(143). p. 2785–2799.
Magnan J, Chays A. [Functional surgery on the acoustic-facial pedicle]. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord) 1998;119(3):151–4. Review. French.
Magnan J, Caces F, Locatelli P, Chays A. Hemifacial spasm: endoscopic vascular decompression. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;117(4):308–14.
Badr-El-Dine M, El-Garem HF, Talaat AM, Magnan J. Endoscopically assisted minimally invasive micro-vascular decompression of hemifacial spasm. Otol Neurotol. 2002;23(2):122–8.
Magnan J, Chays A, Caces F, Lepetre-Gillot C, Cohen JM, Belus JF, et al. Role of endoscopy and vascular decompression in the treatment of hemifacial spasm. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac. 1994;111(3):153–60. French.
Ge XX, Spector GJ. Labyrinthine segment and geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve in fetal and adult temporal bones. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1981;90(suppl 85):1–12.
Tardivet L. Anatomie Chirurgicale du nerf facial intra-pétreux. Thèse Med. Aix Marseille University; 2003.
Proctor B. Surgical anatomy of the ear and temporal bone. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers; 1989.
Măru N, Cheiţă AC, Mogoantă CA, Prejoianu B. Intratemporal course of the facial nerve: morphological, topographic and morphometric features. Romanian J Morphol Embryol. 2010;51(2):243–8.
Levin SL. [Syndromes of combined damage to the greater and lesser superficial petrosal nerves (paradoxical phenomena of hyperemia of the face, salivation, lacrimation and mucus secretion)]. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 1986;86(4):509–12.
Ozgirgin N, Cenjor C, Filipo R, Magnan J. Consensus on treatment algorithms for traumatic and iatrogenic facial paralysis. Mediterr J Otol. 2007;3:150–8.
Yadav S, Ranga A, Sirohiwal B. Surgical anatomy of tympano-mastoid segment of facial nerve. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;58(1):27–30.
Baxter A. Dehiscence of the fallopian canal. An anatomical study. J Laryngol Otol. 1971;85(6):587–94.
Kim CW, Rho YS, Ahn HY, Oh SJ. Facial canal dehiscence in the initial operation for chronic otitis media without cholesteatoma. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2008;35(3):353–6.
Miehlke A. Uber die Topographie des Faserverlaufes im Facialisstamm. Arch Ohren Nasen Kehlkopfheilkd. 1958;171:340.
Hofmann L. Der Faserverlauf im N. facialis. Z Hals Nas Ohrenheilk. 1924;10:86.
Kumar G, Castello M, Bucman CA. X-linked stapes gusher; CT findings in one patient. Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:1130–2.
Talbot JM, Wilson DF. Computed tomographic diagnosis of X-linked congenital mixed deafness, fixation of the stapedial footplate, and perilymphatic gusher. Am J Otol. 1994;15(2):177–82.
Jongkees LBW. Die chirurgische Behandlung der intratemporalen Facialislähmung. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1958;83:865.
Lindemann H. The fallopian canal. An anatomical study of its distal part. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1960;158:204.
Adad B, Rasgon BM, Ackerson L. Relationship of the facial nerve to the tympanic annulus: a direct anatomic examination. Laryngoscope. 1999;109(8):1189–92.
Chi FL, Wang J, Yuan YS, Liu HJ, Gu J, Huang T, et al. Landmark of facial nerve in middle ear surgery. Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2006;41(1):5–8.
Lyon MJ. The central location of the motor neurons to the stapedius muscle in the cat. Brain Res. 1978;143(3):437–44.
Joseph MP, Guinan JJ Jr, Fullerton BC, Norris BE, Kiang NY. Number and distribution of stapedius motoneurons in cats. J Comp Neurol. 1985;232:43–54.
Tóth M, Moser G, Patonay L, Oláh I. Development of the anterior chordal canal. Ann Anat. 2006;188(1):7–11.
Gopalan P, Kumar M, Gupta D, Phillips JJ. A study of chorda tympani nerve injury and related symptoms following middle-ear surgery. J Laryngol Otol. 2005;119(3):189–92.
Clark MP, O’Malley S. Chorda tympani nerve function at the middle ear surgery. Otol Neurotol. 2007;28(3):335–40.
Mahendran S, Hogg R, Robinson JM. To divide or manipulate the chorda tympani in stapedotomy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;262(6):482–7.
Kiverniti E, Watters G. Taste disturbance after mastoid surgery: immediate and long-term effects of chorda tympani nerve sacrifice. J Laryngol Otol. 2012;126(1):34–7.
Ozanne A, Pereira V, Krings T, et al. Arterial vascularization of the cranial nerves. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2008;18:431–9, xii.
Magnan J, Chays A, Gasquet R, Didier D, Garcia C, Bremond G. Anatomie chirurgicale de la tympanotomie postérieure. JF ORL. 1990;5:301–13.
Djindjian R, Merland JJ. Super-selective arteriography of the external carotid artery. Berlin: Springer; 1978. p. 14–123.
Marangos NM, Schumacher M. Facial palsy after glomus jugulare tumor embolization. J Laryngol Otol. 1999;113:268–70.
Sanna M, Khrais T, Mancini F, Russo A, Taibah A. The facial nerve in temporal bone and lateral skull base microsurgery. Stuttgart/New York: G Thieme Verlag; 2006.
Gartrell BC, Hansen MR, Gantz BJ, Gluth MB, Mowry SE, Aagaard-Kienitz BL, et al. Facial and lower cranial neuropathies after preoperative embolization of jugular foramen lesions with ethylene vinyl alcohol. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(7):1270–5.
Valavanis A. Preoperative embolization of the head and neck: indications, patient selection, goals, and precautions. Am J Neuroradiol. 1986;7:943–52.
de Vries N, Versluis RJ, Valk J, et al. Facial nerve paralysis following embolization for severe epistaxis (case report and review of the literature). J Laryngol Otol. 1986;100:207–10.
Ramakrishnan Y, Alam S, Kotecha A, et al. Reanimation following facial palsy: present and future directions. J Laryngol Otol. 2010;124:1146–52.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mansour, S., Magnan, J., Ahmad, H.H., Nicolas, K., Louryan, S. (2019). Facial Nerve. In: Comprehensive and Clinical Anatomy of the Middle Ear. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15363-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15363-2_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-15362-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-15363-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)