Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Executive Function Disorders in Pediatric Neuropsychology: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Tourette Disorder

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Medical Neuropsychology

  • 2251 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter will review current understanding of two neurodevelopmental disorders involving dysregulation of executive (frontal lobe) functioning: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Tourette Disorder (TD). It will describe the clinical phenomenology of these disorders (including co-occurring conditions), recent research into their neurobiological and neuropsychological mechanisms, recommended assessment procedures, medical treatments, and psychosocial interventions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Roberts W, Milich R, Barkley RA. Primary symptoms, diagnostic criteria, subtyping and prevalence of ADHD. In: Barkley RA, editor. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and treatment. 4th ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. Nigg J. What causes ADHD?. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bralten J, Franke B, Waldman I, et al. Candidate genetic pathways for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show association to hyperactive/impulsive symptoms in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52(1204):12.e1.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Faraone SV, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primer. 2015;1:1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Neuman RJ, Lobos E, Reich W. Prenatal smoking exposure and dopaminergic genotypes interact to cause a severe ADHD subtype. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61:1320–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Ann Rev Neurosci. 1986;9:357–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhu Y, Yang D, Ji W. The relationship between neurocircuitry dysfunctions and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review. BioMed Res Int. 2016;1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3821579.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Arnsten AFT. Fundamentals of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: circuits and pathways. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:7–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gaddis A, Rosch KS, Dirlikov B, et al. Motor overflow in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is associated with decreased extent of neural activation in the motor cortex. Psychiatry Res. 2015;233:488–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Gilbert DL, Issacs KM, Augusta M, Macneil LK, Mostofsky SH. Motor cortex inhibition: a marker of ADHD behavior and motor development in children. Neurology. 2011;76:615–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Armstrong CL, Hayes KM, Martin R. Neurocognitive problems in attention deficit disorder: alternative concepts and evidence for impairment in inhibition of selective attention. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001;931(1, theme issue):196–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Petersen SE, Posner MI. The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2012;35:73–89.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Arnsten AFT, Rubia K. Neurobiological circuits regulating attention, cognitive control, motivation and emotion: disruption in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;51:356–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Pennington BF. Explaining abnormal behavior: a cognitive neuroscience perspective. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Wasserstein J, Stefanatos GA. Re-examining ADHD as corticostriatal disorder: implications for understanding common comorbidities. ADHD Rep. 2016;24:1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Castellanos FX, Proal E. Large-scale brain systems in ADHD: beyond the prefrontal-striatal model. Trends Cogn Sci. 2011;16:7–26.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Pliszka SR, Glahn DC, Semrud-Clikeman M, et al. Neuroimaging of inhibitory control areas in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who were treatment naïve or in long-term treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;164:942–8.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Pliszka SR. Neuroscience for the mental health clinician. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Cortese S, Kelly C, Chabernaud C, et al. Neuroscience of ADHD: a meta-analysis of 55 fMRI studies. J Am Psychiatry. 2012;169:1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Farrant K, Uddin LQ. Asymmetric development of dorsal and ventral attention networks in the human brain. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2015;12:165–74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Posner J, Park C, Wang Z. Connecting the dots: a review of resting connectivity MRI studies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychol Rev. 2014;24:3–15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Zillmer EA, Spiers MV, Culbertson WC. Principles of neuropsychology. 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Waldworth; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Zametkin AJ, Nordahl TE, Gross M, et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset. New Engl J Med. 1990;323:1361–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Shaw P, Eckstrand K, Sharp W, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2007;104:19649–54.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Shaw P, Malek M, Watson B, Sharp W, Evans A, Greenstein D. Development of cortical surface area and gyrification in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72:191–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Shaw P, De Rossi P, Watson B, et al. Mapping the development of the basal ganglia in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53:780–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Plichta MM, Scheres A. Ventral-striatal responsiveness during reward anticipation in ADHD and its relation to trait impulsivity in the healthy population: a meta-analytic review of the fMRI. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;38:125–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Willcutt EG. Theories of ADHD. In: Barkley RA, editor. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and treatment. 4th ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2015. p. 391–404.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hien D, Matzner FJ, First MB, Spitzer RL, Williams J, Gibbon M. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV childhood diagnoses (KID-SCID). New York, NY: Biometrics Research; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Khan K, Sharief N. Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning in children. Acta Paediatrica. 1995;84:742.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Armstrong CL, Cunningham J. Functional and developmental effects of environmental CO toxicity in children. In: Penney D, editor. Carbon monoxide toxicity. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Daneshparvar M, Mostafavi SA, Jeddi MZ, et al. The role of lead exposure on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ‎in children: a systematic review. Iran J Psychiatry. 2016;11:1–14.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Nigg JT, Elmore AL, Natarajan N, Friderici KH, Nikolas MA. Variation in an iron metabolism gene moderates the association between blood lead levels and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Psychol Sci. 2016;27:257–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wilkinson GS, Robertson GJ. Wide range achievement test. 5th ed. New York, NY: Pearson Inc.; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Beery KE, Buktenica NA, Beery NA. Beery VMI developmental test of visual-motor integration. 6th ed. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Dulcan M. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(suppl):85S–121S.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Faraone SV, Buitelaar J. Comparing the efficacy of stimulants for ADHD in children and adolescents using meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;19:353–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Shaw M, Hodgkins P, Caci H, et al. A systematic review and analysis of long-term outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of treatment and non-treatment. BMC Med. 2012;10:99–114.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Barkley RA, editor. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and treatment. 4th ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Wolraich M, Brown L, Brown RT, et al. ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;128:1007–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Tanaka Y, Rohde LA, Jin L, Feldman PD, Upadhyaya HP. A meta-analysis of the consistency of atomoxetine treatment effects in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from 15 clinical trials across four geographic regions. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013;23:262–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bushe CJ, Savill NC. Systematic review of atomoxetine data in childhood and adolescent attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder 2009–2011: focus on clinical efficacy and safety. J Psychopharmacol. 2014;28:204–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Clemow DB, Bushe CJ. Atomoxetine in patients with ADHD: a clinical and pharmacological review of the onset, trajectory, duration of response and implications for patients. J Psychopharmacol. 2015;29:1221–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Treuer T, Shur-Fen Gau S, Mendez L, et al. A systematic review of combination therapy with stimulants and atomoxetine for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, including patient characteristics, treatment strategies, effectiveness, and tolerability. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013;23:179–93.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Biederman J, Melmed RD, Patel A, McBurnett K, Donahue J, Lyne A. Long-term, open-label extension study of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with ADHD. CNS Spectrums. 2008;13:1047–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Jain R, Segal S, Kollins SH, Khayrallah M. Clonidine extended-release tablets for pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50:171–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Faraone SV, McBurnett K, Sallee FR, Steeber J, Lopez FA. Guanfacine extended release: a novel treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Clin Ther. 2013;35:1778–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Evans SW, Owens JS, Bunford N. Evidenced-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2014;43:527–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Leckman JF. Phenomenology of tics and sensory urges. In: Martino D, Leckman JF, editors. Tourette syndrome. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2013. p. 3–25.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  51. Martino D, Madhusudan N, Zis P, Cavanna AE. An introduction to the clinical phenomenology of Tourette syndrome. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2013;112:2–25.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Peterson BS, Leckman JF. The temporal dynamics of tics in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Biol Psychiatr. 1998;44:1337–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Cavanna AE, Black KJ, Hallett M, Voon V. Neurobiology of the premonitory urge in Tourette syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment implications. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci. 2017;29:95–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Bloch MH, Leckman JF. Clinical course of Tourette syndrome. Psychosom Res. 2009;67:497–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Singer HSS. Tourette’s syndrome: from behaviour to biology. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:149–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Leckman JF, King RA, Bloch MH. Clinical features of Tourette syndrome and tic disorders. J Obsessive-Compuls Rel Dis. 2014;3:372–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Leckman JF, Walker WK, Goodman WK, Pauls DL, Cohen DJ. ‘Just right’ perceptions associated with compulsive behaviors in Tourette’s syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:675–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Worbe Y, Mallet L, Goldmard J-L, et al. Repetitive behavior in patients with Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: tics, compulsions, or both? PLOS One. 2010;5(9):e12959.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Robertson MM. A personal 35-year perspective on Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: prevalence, phenomenology, comorbidities, and coexistent psychopathologies. Lancet Psychiatr. 2015;2:68–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Knight T, Steeves T, Day L, Lowerison M, Jette N, Pringsheim T. Prevalence of tic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Neurol. 2012;47:77–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Scharf JM, Miller LL, Gauvin CA, Alabiso J, Mathews CA, Ben-Shlomo Y. Population prevalence of Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Dis. 2015;30:221–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Pauls DL, Fernandez TV, Mathews CA, State MW, Scharf JM. The inheritance of Tourette disorder: a review. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord. 2014;3:380–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Browne HA, Hansen SN, Buxbaum JD, et al. Familial clustering of tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:359–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mataix-Cols D, Isomura K, Pérez-Vigil A, et al. Familial risks of Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders: a population-based cohort study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:787–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Abelson JF, Kwan KY, O’Roak BJ, et al. Sequence variants in SLITRK1 are associated with Tourette’s syndrome. Science. 2005;310:317–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. O’Roak BJ, Morgan TM, Fishman DO, et al. Additional support for the association of SLITRK1 var321 and Tourette syndrome. Mol Psychiatry. 2010;15:447–50.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Karagiannidis I, Rizzo R, Tarnok Z, et al. Replication of association between a SLITRK1 haplotype and Tourette syndrome in a large sample of families. Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17:665–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Stillman AA, Krsnik Z, Sun J, et al. Developmentally regulated and evolutionarily conserved expression of SLITRK1 in brain circuits implicated in Tourette syndrome. J Comp Neurol. 2009;513:21–37.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Scharf JM, Moorjani P, Fagerness J, et al. Lack of association between SLITRK1 var321 and Tourette syndrome in a large family-based sample. Neurology. 2008;70:1495–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Robertson MM, Eapen V, Singer HS, et al. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Murphy TF, Gerardi DM, Leckman JF. Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2014;37:353–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Chang K, Frankovich J, Cooperstock M, et al. Clinical evaluation of youth with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS): recommendations from the 2013 PANS consensus conference. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25:3–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Thienemann M, Murphy T, Leckman J, et al. Clinical management of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome: part I—psychiatric and behavioral interventions. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2017;27:566–73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Garvey M, et al. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:264–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Marsh R, Maia TV, Peterson BS. Functional disturbances within frontostriatal circuits across multiple childhood psychopathologies. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166:664–74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Jackson GM, Draper A, Dyke K, Pépés SE, Jackson SR. Inhibition, disinhibition, and the control of action in Tourette syndrome. Trends Cogn Sci. 2015;19:655–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Polyanska L, Critchley HD, Rae CL. Centrality of prefrontal and motor preparation cortices to Tourette, syndrome revealed by meta-analysis of task-based neuroimaging studies. NeuroImage Clin. 2017;16:257–67.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Albin RL, Koeppe RA, Bohnen NI, et al. Increased ventral striatal monoaminergic innervation in Tourette syndrome. Neurology. 2003;61:310–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Buse J, Schoenefeld K, Münchau A, Roessner V. Neuromodulation in Tourette syndrome: dopamine and beyond. Neurosci Behav Rev. 2013;37:1069–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Kurlan R, Como PG, Miller B, et al. The behavioral spectrum of tic disorders: a community-based study. Neurol Clin. 2002;59:414–20.

    Google Scholar 

  81. O’Rourke JA, Scharf JM, Platko J, et al. The familial association of Tourette’s disorder and ADHD: the impact of OCD symptoms. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2011;156:432–8.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Hassan N, Cavanna AE. The prognosis of Tourette syndrome: implications for clinical practice. Funct Neurol. 2012;27:23–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Shaw ZA, Coffey BJ. Tics and Tourette syndrome. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2014;37:269–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Freeman R, Fast D, Burd L, Kerbeshian J, Robertson M, Sandor P. An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42:436–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Budman CL, Rockmore L, Bruun RD. Aggressive symptoms in Tourette’s syndrome. In: Kurlan R, editor. Handbook of Tourette’s syndrome and related tic and behavioral disorders. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 2005. p. 127–54.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Como PC. Neuropsychological function in Tourette’s syndrome. In: Kurlan R, editor. Handbook of Tourette’s syndrome and related tic and behavioral disorders. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 2005. p. 237–52.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Morand-Beaulieu S, Leclerc JB, Valois P, Lavoie ME, O’Connor KP, Gauthier B. A review of the neuropsychological dimension ns of Tourette syndrome. Brain Sci. 2017;7:106. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7080106.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Channon S, Pratt P, Robertson MM. Executive function, memory and learning in Tourette’s syndrome. Neuropsychology. 2003;17:247–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Eddy CM, Rickard HE, Cavanna AE. Executive functions in uncomplicated Tourette syndrome. Psychiatry Res. 2012;200:46–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Morand-Beaulieu S, Grot S, Lavoie J, Leclerc JB, Luck D, Lavoie ME. The puzzling question of inhibitory control in Tourette syndrome: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017;80:240–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Yaniv A, Benaroya-Milshtein N, Steinberg T, Ruhrrman D, Apter A, Lavidor M. Specific executive control impairments in Tourette syndrome: the role of response inhibition. Res Dev Dis. 2017;61:1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Jeter CB, Patel SS, Morris JS, Chuang AZ, Butler IJ, Sereno AB. Oculomotor executive function abnormalities with increased tic severity in Tourette syndrome. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56:193–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Eddy CM, Cavanna AE. Altered social cognition in Tourette syndrome: nature and implications. Behav Neurol. 2013;7:15–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Eddy CM, Macerollo A, Martino D, Cavanna AE. Interpersonal reactivity differences in Tourette syndrome. Psychiatry Res. 2015;228:922–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Zinner SH, Conelea CA, Glew GM, Woods DW, Budman CL. Peer victimization in youth with Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders. Child Psychiatry Human Dev. 2012;43:124–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Hirschtritt ME, Lee PC, Pauls DL, et al. Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in Tourette syndrome. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:325–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. McGuire JF, Hanks C, Kewin AB, Storch EA, Murphy TK. Social deficits in children with chronic tic disorders: phenomenology, clinical correlates and quality of life. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54:1023–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Channon S, Sinclair E, Waller D, Healey L, Robertson MM. Social cognition in Tourette’s syndrome: intact theory of mind and impaired inhibitory functioning. J Autism Dev Disord. 2004;34:669–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Güler AS, Berkem M, Yazgan Y, Kalaça S. Cognitive flexibility and social responsiveness in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome. Child Psychiatry Human Dev. 2015;46:940–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Specht MW, Chang SW. Tourette’s disorder and other tic disorders. In: Reddy LA, Weissman AS, Hale JB, editors. Neuropsychological assessment and intervention for youth: an evidence-based approach to emotional and behavioral disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2013. p. 201–24.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Leckman JF, Riddle MA, Hardin MT, et al. The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale: initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1989;28:566–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Scahill L, Riddle MA, McSwiggin-Hardin M, et al. The children’s Yale Brown obsessive compulsive scale: reliability and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:844–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. March JS. Multidimensional anxiety scale for children, 2nd ed. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Spielberger CD, Edwards CD, Montouri J, Lushene R. The state-trait anxiety inventory for children (STAI-CH). Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden Inc.; 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Kovacs M. Children’s depression inventory. 2nd ed. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Poznanski EO, Mokros HB. Children’s depression rating scale, revised (CDRS-R). Torrance, CA: WPS; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  107. DuPaul GJ, Power TJ, Anastopoulos AD, Reid R. ADHD rating scale for children and adolescents: checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. 5th ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Conners CK. Conners, 3rd ed (Conners 3). North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Barkley RA, Murphy KR, Fischer M. Adult ADHD symptom checklist. Adult ADHD: what the science says. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Khalifa N, Eklund S. Fine motor functioning and perception in children with Tourette syndrome. J Childhood Dev Disord. 2017;3:1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Piacentini J, Chang S. Habit reversal training for tic disorders in children and adolescents. Behav Modif. 2005;29:803–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Frank M, Cavanna AE. Behavioural treatments for Tourette syndrome: an evidence-based review. Behav Neurol. 2013;27:105–17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Fründt O, Woods D, Ganos C. Behavioral therapy and Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurol Clin Pract. 2017;7. https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000348.

    Google Scholar 

  114. McGuire JF, Picentini J, Brennan EA, et al. A meta-analysis of behavior therapy for Tourette syndrome. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;50:106–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. McGuire JF, Ricketts EJ, Piacentini J, Murphy TK, Storch EA, Lewin AB. Behavior therapy for tic disorders: an evidenced-based review and new directions for treatment research. Curr Dev Disord Rep. 2015;2:309–17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. Piacentini J, Woods DW, Scahill L, et al. Behavior therapy for children with Tourette disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;303:1929–37.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  117. Conelea CA, Walther MR, Freeman JB, et al. Tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): phenomenology and treatment outcome in the pediatric OCD treatment study II. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;53:1308–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Greene RW, Ablon JS. Treating explosive kids: the collaborative problem solving approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Budman C. The role of atypical antipsychotics for treatment of Tourette’s syndrome: an overview. Drugs. 2014;74:1177–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Srour M, Lesperance P, Richer F, Chouinard S. Psychopharmacology of tic disorders. J Canad Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;17:150–9.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Thomas R, Cavanna AE. The pharmacology of Tourette syndrome. J Neural Transm. 2013;120:689–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Weisman H, Qureshi IA, Leckman JF, Scahill L, Bloch MH. Systematic review: pharmacological treatment of tic disorders - efficacy of antipsychotic and alpha-2 adrenergic agonist agents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37:1162–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Tourette Syndrome Study Group. Treatment of ADHD in children with tics: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2002;58:527–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Spencer TJ, Sallee FR, Gilbert DL. Atomoxetine treatment of ADHD in children with comorbid Tourette syndrome. J Atten Disord. 2008;11:470–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Martinez-Ramirez D, Simenez-Shahed J, Leckman JF, et al. Efficacy and safety of deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome. JAMA Neurol. 2018. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2669923.

  126. Servello D, Porta M, Sassi M, Brambilla A, Robertson MM. Deep brain stimulation in 18 patients with severe Gilles de la Tourette syndrome refractory to treatment: the surgery and stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79:136–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Maciunas RJ, Maddux BN, Riley DE, et al. Prospective randomized double-blind trial of bilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation in adults with Tourette’s syndrome. J Neurosurg. 2007;107:1004–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Andrade P, Visser-Vandewalle V. DBS in Tourette syndrome: where are we standing now? J Neural Trans (Vienna). 2016;123:791–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Kwon HJ, Lim WS, Lim MH, et al. 1-Hz low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in children with Tourette’s syndrome. Neurosci Lett. 2011;492:1–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Le K, Liu L, Sun M, Hu L, Xiao N. Transcranial magnetic stimulation at 1 Hertz improves clinical symptoms in children with Tourette syndrome for at least 6 months. J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20:257–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Kious BM, Jimenez-Shahed J, Shprecher DR. Treatment-refractory Tourette syndrome. Progress Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2016;70:227–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Bloch MH, Peterson BS, Scahill L, et al. Adulthood outcome of tic and obsessive-compulsive symptom severity in children with Tourette syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:65–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge Lisa Tuttle, M.A. for her assistance with formatting the references for this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Anthony L. Rostain

  2. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    William C. Culbertson

Authors
  1. Anthony L. Rostain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. William C. Culbertson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anthony L. Rostain .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Carol L. Armstrong

  2. Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Lisa A. Morrow

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rostain, A.L., Culbertson, W.C. (2019). Executive Function Disorders in Pediatric Neuropsychology: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Tourette Disorder. In: Armstrong, C., Morrow, L. (eds) Handbook of Medical Neuropsychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14895-9_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation