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Major Trends of Psychosomatic Medicine and Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry in the United States and Canada

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Abstract

Long before Columbus “discovered” America (1492), Native Americans practiced forms of holistic medicine emphasizing human’s harmonious place in nature. At the time Europeans began to colonize America after 1600, the medicine/psychiatry they practiced was in essence no different from that of the Native Americans, based on medieval notions of “possession” and moral failings. During the latter part of nineteenth century, two major approaches to psychiatry arose in Europe – the descriptive tradition of Emil Kraepelin (1855–1926) and the psychodynamic tradition of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). American psychiatry was greatly influenced by the descriptive, disease model of psychiatry. The Flexner Report (1910) brought improved American medical education based on scientific methods. Psychodynamic psychiatry and psychoanalysis gained dominance in American psychiatry with the influx of distinguished European psychoanalysts fleeing Nazism.

In the twentieth century, Walter Cannon described the fight-flight reaction and homeostasis. Hans Selye systematically studied stress and elucidated the general adaptation syndrome through the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Franz Alexander and Flanders Dunbar were pioneers in the specificity theories of psychosomatic medicine. During the latter half of twentieth century, specificity theory gave way to a field model and then to Engel’s Biopsychosocial Model. The concept of alexithymia, proposed by Sifneos and Nemiah, also gained considerable acceptance. Later in the twentieth century with the development of psychoneuroendocrinology and psychoimmunology, there has been an explosion of knowledge on the relationship between stress and all aspects of the human organism. This chapter also describes in some detail Native American healing as well as Complementary and Alternative Medicine in America. Various issues concerning Consultation-liaison psychiatry are also discussed.

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  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Hoyle Leigh

  2. Psychiatric Consultation-Liaison Service and Psychosomatic Medicine Program, UCSF Fresno, CA, USA

    Hoyle Leigh

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Leigh, H. (2019). Major Trends of Psychosomatic Medicine and Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry in the United States and Canada. In: Leigh, H. (eds) Global Psychosomatic Medicine and Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12584-4_5

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