Abstract
The deployment of LTE in unlicensed spectrum is a plausible solution to meet explosive traffic demand from mobile users. However, fair coexistence with the existing unlicensed technologies, mainly Wi-Fi, needs to be ensured before any such deployment. Duty cycled LTE (LTE-U) is a simple and an easily adaptable scheme which helps in fair coexistence with the Wi-Fi. Nonetheless, the immense deployment of Wi-Fi necessitates a user-oriented study to find the effects of LTE-U operation, primarily in scenarios where the LTE-U eNB remains hidden from Wi-Fi Access Point. To delineate these effects, we perform a user-level Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) throughputs study of Wi-Fi in the presence of LTE-U using a testbed. Since, TCP is a more complicated protocol, we analyzed the Congestion Window and Round Trip Time data to comprehend the throughput results. This further explains the unfairness in throughput distribution among Wi-Fi users. Furthermore, we also notice inability among the disadvantaged users to receive the periodic Wi-Fi beacon frames successfully. The reasons and the subsequent consequences of throughput unfairness and beacon losses, are carefully elaborated. Also, to validate the beacon loss results, we present a beacon loss analysis which provides a mathematical expression to find the beacon loss percentage. Finally, we examine the results and highlight a need for incorporating additional functionalities in either LTE-U or Wi-Fi to overcome the present challenges.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Dugan, J., Elliott, S., Mah, B.A., Poskanzer, J., Prabhu, K.: iPerf. https://iperf.fr/
LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum: Harmonious Coexistence with Wi-Fi. Qualcomm White Paper, June 2014
LabVIEW Communications LTE Application Framework 1.1. National Instruments, March 2015. http://www.ni.com/white-paper/52524/en/
LTE-U SDL CSAT Procedure Technical Specifications V1.0. LTE-U Forum (2015)
Real-time LTE/Wi-Fi Coexistence Testbed. National Instruments White Paper, February 2016. http://www.ni.com/white-paper/52119/en/
3GPP: TSGRAN; Study on Licensed-Assisted Access to Unlicensed Spectrum. Technical report TR 36.889 V13.0.0, June 2015
Abinader, F.M., et al.: Enabling the coexistence of LTE and Wi-Fi in unlicensed bands. IEEE Commun. Mag. 52(11), 54–61 (2014)
Almeida, E., Cavalcante, A.M., et al.: Enabling LTE/WiFi coexistence by LTE blank subframe allocation. In: IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) (2013)
Association, I.S., et al.: 802.11-2012-IEEE Standard for Information Technology-Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Specific requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications (2012). http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.11.html
Babaei, A., Andreoli-Fang, J., Pang, Y., Hamzeh, B.: On the impact of LTE-U on Wi-Fi performance. Int. J. Wirel. Inf. Netw. 22(4), 336–344 (2015)
Baswade, A.M., Atif, T.A., Tamma, B.R., Franklin, A.: A novel coexistence scheme for IEEE 802.11 for user fairness and efficient spectrum utilization in the presence of LTE-U, vol. 139, pp. 1–18. Elsevier (2018)
Baswade, A.M., Atif, T.A., Tamma, B.R., et al.: LAW: a novel mechanism for addressing hidden terminal problem in LTE-U and Wi-Fi networks, vol. 22, pp. 1280–1283. IEEE (2018)
Cano, C., Leith, D.J.: Unlicensed LTE/WiFi coexistence: is LBT inherently fairer than CSAT? In: IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), July 2016
Cavalcante, A.M., Almeida, E., et al.: Performance evaluation of LTE and Wi-Fi coexistence in unlicensed bands. In: IEEE 77th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring) (2013)
Ericsson: Ericsson mobility report, June 2017
Jain, R., Chiu, D.M., Hawe, W.: A quantitative measure of fairness and discrimination for resource allocation in shared computer systems (1998)
Jeon, J., Niu, H., Li, Q.C., Papathanassiou, A., Wu, G.: LTE in the unlicensed spectrum: evaluating coexistence mechanisms. In: Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), pp. 740–745. IEEE (2014)
LTE-U Forum: eNB Minimum Requirements for LTE-U SDL (2015). http://www.lteuforum.org/documents.html
LTE-U Forum: LTE-U Forum online (2015). http://www.lteuforum.org
LTE-U Forum: LTE-U Technical report (2015). http://www.lteuforum.org/documents.html
LTE-U Forum: UE Minimum Requirements for LTE-U SDL (2015)
Maglogiannis, V., Naudts, D., et al.: Impact of LTE operating in unlicensed spectrum on Wi-Fi using real equipment. In: IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM) (2016)
Nihtilä, T., Tykhomyrov, V., Alanen, O., et al.: System performance of LTE and IEEE 802.11 coexisting on a shared frequency band. In: IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC) (2013)
White paper: Cisco visual networking index: global mobile data traffic forecast update, 2016–2021, February 2017
Wang, X., Quek, T.Q., Sheng, M., Li, J.: Throughput and fairness analysis of Wi-Fi and LTE-U in unlicensed band. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 35(1), 63–78 (2017)
Wireshark. https://www.wireshark.org
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the project “Converged Cloud Communication Technologies”, Meity, Govt. of India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Baswade, A.M., Atif, T.A., Tamma, B.R., Antony Franklin, A. (2019). On the Impact of Duty Cycled LTE-U on Wi-Fi Users: An Experimental Study. In: Biswas, S., et al. Communication Systems and Networks. COMSNETS 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11227. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10659-1_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10659-1_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-10658-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-10659-1
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)