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Towards the Sustainable Development Goals in Africa: The African Space-Education Ecosystem for Sustainability and the Role of Educational Technologies

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Embedding Space in African Society

Part of the book series: Southern Space Studies ((SOSPST))

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Abstract

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) encapsulate the collective desire of the world to eliminate the worst miseries of poverty and to set itself on a sustainable growth path. This chapter considers the origin of sustainable development in global discourse, and unpacks its education-related goals and targets. The specific focus is placed on tertiary education and it is argued that the SDGs depend on both regional and national strategies to succeed. Related questions of educational quality, and the role of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), are considered. The progress of the education-related SDGs is investigated, especially in relation to Internet and mobile phone penetration in Africa, and tertiary enrolment rates. ICTs, and specifically e-learning, are discussed as a means of helping the challenges related to the massification of the tertiary education sector in Africa. The way in which space supports education is considered as only one pillar of what in reality is an interrelated symbiotic relationship, which feeds back into producing space-related skills to advance the African space sector. Recommendations in light of space, education, and sustainable e-learning are discussed, and the importance of recognising the value of space in achieving the SDGs is emphasised.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Quoted in Carl C. Gaither and Alma E. Cavazos-Gaither, Scientifically Speaking: A Dictionary of Quotations (Bristol: IOP Publishing, 2000), 199.

  2. 2.

    Sustainable Development Commission, History of SD, http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/pages/history_sd.html (accessed August 4, 2018).

  3. 3.

    United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Conference), https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/milestones/humanenvironment (accessed August 4, 2018).

  4. 4.

    United Nations, Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (New York: United Nations, 1972), 45. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/CONF.48/14/REV.1 (accessed 4 August, 2018).

  5. 5.

    Robert W. Kates, Thomas M. Parris, and Anthony A. Leiserowitz, “What Is Sustainable Development? Goals, Indicators, Values, and Practice,” Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 47, no. 1 (2005): 1–13.

  6. 6.

    Ibid., 2.

  7. 7.

    Brundtland Commission, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future (New York: United Nations, 1987), 30. http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf (accessed 5 August, 2018).

  8. 8.

    Ibid., 7.

  9. 9.

    Sustainable Development Commission, History of SD.

  10. 10.

    The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (New York: United Nations, 1992), 2. http://www.unesco.org/education/pdf/RIO_E.PDF (accessed 6 August, 2018).

  11. 11.

    Sustainable Development Commission, History of SD.

  12. 12.

    Jeffrey D. Sachs, “From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals,” Lancet, 2012, no 379: 2206.

  13. 13.

    United Nations, Background, http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.shtml (accessed August 5, 2018).

  14. 14.

    Sachs, “From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals,” 2206.

  15. 15.

    United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld (accessed August 6, 2018).

  16. 16.

    David Le Blanc, “Towards integration at last? The sustainable development goals as a network of targets,” DESA Working Paper, 2015, no. 141: 11–15.

  17. 17.

    Ibid., 3.

  18. 18.

    Ibid.

  19. 19.

    Nelson Mandela Foundation, Address by Nelson Mandela at launch of Mindset Network, July 16, 2003, http://www.mandela.gov.za/mandela_speeches/2003/030716_mindset.htm (accessed August 5, 2018).

  20. 20.

    Le Blanc, “Towards integration at last?,” 3.

  21. 21.

    Ibid., 6.

  22. 22.

    Ibid., 9.

  23. 23.

    Godwell Nhamo, “New Global Sustainable Development Agenda: A Focus on Africa,” Sustainable Development 25, no. 3 (2017): 7.

  24. 24.

    Ibid., 8.

  25. 25.

    African Union Commission, What is Agenda 2063?, https://au.int/en/agenda2063 (accessed August 5, 2018).

  26. 26.

    Nhamo, “New Global Sustainable Development Agenda,” 9.

  27. 27.

    United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, Benefits of Space: Education, 2018, http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/benefits-of-space/education.html (accessed August 5, 2018).

  28. 28.

    Quoted in Clayton R. Wright, Gajaraj Dhanarajan, and Sunday A. Reju, “Recurring Issues Encountered by Distance Educators in Developing and Emerging Nations,” International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning 10, no. 1 (2009): 1–2.

  29. 29.

    United Nations, Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 5.

  30. 30.

    Sachs, “From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals,” 2206.

  31. 31.

    Brundtland Commission, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development.

  32. 32.

    United Nations, Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education, http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/education.shtml (accessed August 5, 2018).

  33. 33.

    United Nations Development Program, Goal 4: Quality Education, 2018, http://www.za.undp.org/content/south_africa/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-4-quality-education.html (accessed August 5, 2018).

  34. 34.

    Le Blanc, “Towards integration at last?,” 1.

  35. 35.

    The Economist, The 169 commandments, March 26, 2015, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2015/03/26/the-169-commandments (accessed August 5, 2018).

  36. 36.

    Nhamo, “New Global Sustainable Development Agenda,” 12.

  37. 37.

    Le Blanc, “Towards integration at last?,” 2.

  38. 38.

    The reason for the use of the term ‘tertiary education’ is because, as Mohamedbhai notes, “The terms ‘higher education’ and ‘tertiary education’ are often used interchangeably to denote post-secondary education. ‘Tertiary education’ is more encompassing and covers all post-secondary education. ‘Higher education’ normally refers to education leading to a degree. Most international statistics are in terms of tertiary education.” Goolam Mohamedbhai, “Massification in Higher Education Institutions in Africa: Causes, Consequences, and Responses,” International Journal of African Higher Education 1, no. 1 (2014): 62.

  39. 39.

    Ibid., 59.

  40. 40.

    Ibid.

  41. 41.

    Ibid., 66.

  42. 42.

    Ibid., 61–67.

  43. 43.

    Ibid., 71.

  44. 44.

    Susan Booysen, ed., Fees Must Fall: Student revolt, Decolonisation and Governance in South Africa (Johannesburg: WITS University Press, 2016). Quote from Project Muse, Fees Must Fall: Student revolt, Decolonisation and Governance in South Africa, Summary, 2018, https://muse.jhu.edu/book/50547 (accessed August 11, 2018).

  45. 45.

    African Union Commission, Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want—Popular Version (Addis Ababa: African Union, 2016), 2. https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/33126-doc-03_popular_version.pdf (accessed August 7, 2018).

  46. 46.

    Ibid., 3.

  47. 47.

    Ibid., 4.

  48. 48.

    National Planning Commission, The National Development Plan, http://www.nationalplanningcommission.org.za/Pages/NDP.aspx (accessed August 11, 2018).

  49. 49.

    National Planning Commission, National Development Plan 2030: Our Future—Make It Work (Pretoria: Presidency of South Africa, 2012), 326. http://www.nationalplanningcommission.org.za/Downloads/ndp-2030-our-future-make-it-work_0.pdf (accessed August 11, 2018).

  50. 50.

    Ibid., 317.

  51. 51.

    World Education Forum, Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all, 2015, 26, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002456/245656e.pdf (accessed August 16, 2018).

  52. 52.

    Ibid.

  53. 53.

    Ibid., 41.

  54. 54.

    Ibid., 30.

  55. 55.

    Ibid., 8.

  56. 56.

    Ibid., 55.

  57. 57.

    Ibid.

  58. 58.

    Yvonne Hill, Laurie Lomas, and Janet MacGregor, “Students’ Perceptions of Quality in Higher Education,” Quality Assurance in Education 11, no. 1 (2003): 17.

  59. 59.

    Erica Southgate, Susan Grimes, and Jarrad Cox, “High status professions, their related degrees and the social construction of ‘quality’,” in Achieving equity and quality in higher education: Global perspectives in an era of widening participation, ed. Mahsood Shah and Jade McKay. (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan, 2018), 287–306.

  60. 60.

    Hill, Lomas, and MacGregor, “Students’ Perceptions of Quality in Higher Education,” 16.

  61. 61.

    Ibid., 16–18.

  62. 62.

    Ibid., 18.

  63. 63.

    Ibid., 17.

  64. 64.

    Ibid., 18–19.

  65. 65.

    Anne Gaskell and Roger Mills, “The quality and reputation of open, distance and e-learning: what are the challenges?,” Open Learning 29, no. 3 (2014): 194.

  66. 66.

    Hill, Lomas, and MacGregor, “Students’ Perceptions of Quality in Higher Education,” 17.

  67. 67.

    World Education Forum, Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 4, 30.

  68. 68.

    Gaskell and Mills, “The quality and reputation of open, distance and e-learning,” 193.

  69. 69.

    Ibid., 198.

  70. 70.

    Mohamedbhai, “Massification in Higher Education Institutions in Africa,” 70.

  71. 71.

    Kates, Parris, and Leiserowitz, “What Is Sustainable Development?,” 3.

  72. 72.

    Magdalena Svanström, Francisco J. Lozano-García, and Debra Rowe, “Learning outcomes for sustainable development in higher education,” International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 9, no. 3 (2008): 340.

  73. 73.

    Ibid.

  74. 74.

    Ibid.

  75. 75.

    Ibid.

  76. 76.

    Ibid., 341.

  77. 77.

    Ibid., 342.

  78. 78.

    Ibid.

  79. 79.

    Immanuel Wallerstein, World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004), 99.

  80. 80.

    Svanström, Lozano-García, and Rowe, “Learning outcomes for sustainable development in higher education,” 342.

  81. 81.

    Ibid.

  82. 82.

    Ibid., 343.

  83. 83.

    Carl Sagan, The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark (New York: Ballantine Books, 1996), 25.

  84. 84.

    Ibid., 7.

  85. 85.

    Ibid., 25.

  86. 86.

    United Nations Economic and Social Council, Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals: Report of the Secretary-General, May 11, 2017, 7, http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=E/2017/66&Lang=E (accessed August 16, 2018).

  87. 87.

    Ibid., 7.

  88. 88.

    Ibid.

  89. 89.

    Klaus Schwab, ed., The Global Competitiveness Report 2017–2018 (Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2017) 269. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2017-2018/05FullReport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2017%E2%80%932018.pdf (accessed August 16, 2018).

  90. 90.

    United Nations Economic and Social Council, Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals: Report of the Secretary-General, May 10, 2018, 6–7, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/report/2018/secretary-general-sdg-report-2018--EN.pdf (accessed August 16, 2018).

  91. 91.

    Ibid., 7.

  92. 92.

    United Nations, The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018 (New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2018), 18. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/report/2018/TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport2018-EN.pdf (accessed 17 August, 2018).

  93. 93.

    Ward A. Hanson, “Satellite Internet in the Mobile Age,” New Space 4, no. 3 (2016): 139.

  94. 94.

    Ibid.

  95. 95.

    United Nations, The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018, 18.

  96. 96.

    See https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm

  97. 97.

    Hanson, “Satellite Internet in the Mobile Age,” 144.

  98. 98.

    Ibid.

  99. 99.

    Toby Shapshak, “Feature Phones Still Rule in Africa, As Smartphone Sales Slow,” Forbes, March 28, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/tobyshapshak/2017/03/28/feature-phones-still-rule-in-africa-as-smartphone-sales-slow/#4f9a740960e5 (accessed August 13, 2018).

  100. 100.

    Techopedia Inc., Feature Phone, 2018, https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26221/feature-phone (accessed August 13, 2018).

  101. 101.

    Jacob Poushter, “Smartphone Ownership and Internet Usage Continues to Climb in Emerging Economies,” Pew Research Center, February 22, 2016, http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/02/22/smartphone-ownership-and-internet-usage-continues-to-climb-in-emerging-economies/ (accessed August 13, 2018).

  102. 102.

    National Planning Commission, The National Development Plan, 303–304.

  103. 103.

    World Education Forum, Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 4, 47–48.

  104. 104.

    Mohamedbhai, “Massification in Higher Education Institutions in Africa,” p. 62.

  105. 105.

    Ibid.

  106. 106.

    Ibid.

  107. 107.

    Ibid., 64.

  108. 108.

    Ibid., 65.

  109. 109.

    Ibid., 72.

  110. 110.

    Masibulele Lunika, “Africa Must Invest in Remote Digital Education,” ITWebAfrica, September 5, 2017, http://www.itwebafrica.com/ict-and-governance/523-africa/239979-technology-can-solve-africas-education-crises (accessed August 6, 2018).

  111. 111.

    Daniel Gelaw Alemneh and Samantha Kelly Hastings, “Developing the ICT Infrastructure for Africa: Overview of Barriers to Harnessing the Full Power of the Internet,” Journal of Education for Library and Information Science 47, no. 1 (2006): 12.

  112. 112.

    Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, and The Gambia. African Virtual University, AVU at a Glance, 2018, http://www.avu.org/avuweb/en/avu-at-a-glance/ (accessed August 16, 2018).

  113. 113.

    Ibid.

  114. 114.

    Maina Waruru, “Pan African University to offer virtual education,” The Pie News, November 16, 2017, https://thepienews.com/news/pan-african-university-to-have-an-odel-wing/ (accessed August 16, 2018).

  115. 115.

    African Union, Media advisory: Official launching of the Pan African University, 2011, https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/mediaadvisories/27573-ma-media_advisory_for_pau_0.pdf (accessed August 13, 2018).

  116. 116.

    Pan African University, Our Mission, 2018, https://pau-au.net/about-us/our-mission/ (accessed August 13, 2018).

  117. 117.

    Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdiest, Pan African University (PAU), https://www.daad.de/miniwebs/ictunis/fr/29464/index.html (accessed August 16, 2018).

  118. 118.

    Pan African University, About Us, 2018, https://pau-au.net/about-us/ (accessed August 13, 2018).

  119. 119.

    Ibid.

  120. 120.

    Ibid.

  121. 121.

    Ibid.

  122. 122.

    eLearning Africa, Who attends?, https://www.elearning-africa.com/conference_who.php (accessed August 16, 2018).

  123. 123.

    eLearning Africa, About, https://www.elearning-africa.com/conference.php (accessed August 16, 2018).

  124. 124.

    e/merge Africa, About e/merge Africa, https://emergeafrica.net/about-emerge-africa/ (accessed August 18, 2018).

  125. 125.

    African Union Commission, Agenda 2063: The Future We Want—First Ten-Year Implementation Plan 2014–2023, 17.

  126. 126.

    Ibid., 17–18.

  127. 127.

    Kwame Rivers, Patrick A. Rivers, and Vanessa Hazell, “Africa and Technology in Higher Education: Trends, Challenges, and Promise,” International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 5 (2015): 15.

  128. 128.

    Ibid., 17.

  129. 129.

    Mohammed Omer, Tina Klomsri, Matti Tedre, Iskra Popova, Marie Klingberg-Allvin, and Fatumo Osman, “E-learning Opens Door to the Global Community: Novice Users’ Experiences of E-learning in a Somali University,” MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching 11, no. 2 (2015): 267–279.

  130. 130.

    Ibid., 269.

  131. 131.

    Ibid.

  132. 132.

    Ibid.

  133. 133.

    Ibid., 277.

  134. 134.

    John K. Tarus, David Gichoya, and Alex Muumbo, “Challenges of Implementing E-Learning in Kenya: A Case of Kenyan Public Universities,” International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 16, no. 1 (2015): 129

  135. 135.

    Josephine A. Larbi-Apau, Ingrid Guerra-Lopez, James L. Moseley, Timothy Spannaus, and Attila Yaprak, “Educational Technology-Related Performance of Teaching Faculty in Higher Education: Implications for eLearning Management,” Journal of Educational Technology Systems 46, no. 1 (2017): 61–79.

  136. 136.

    Ibid.

  137. 137.

    Ibid.

  138. 138.

    Paxton Zozie and Winner Dominic Chawinga, “Mapping an open digital university in Malawi: Implications for Africa,” Research in Comparative & International Education 13, no. 1 (2018): 213.

  139. 139.

    Ibid., 211–213.

  140. 140.

    Joel S. Mtebe, “Learning Management System success: Increasing Learning Management System usage in higher education in sub-Saharan Africa,” International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT) 11, no. 2 (2015): 57.

  141. 141.

    Ibid., 58.

  142. 142.

    Ibid.

  143. 143.

    Rogers Kaliisa and Michelle Picard, “A Systematic Review on Mobile Learning in Higher Education: The African Perspective,” TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology 16, no. 1 (2017): 11.

  144. 144.

    Ibid.

  145. 145.

    Mtebe, “Learning Management System success,” 53–57.

  146. 146.

    United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), Education for Sustainable Development, https://en.unesco.org/themes/education-sustainable-development (accessed August 14, 2018).

  147. 147.

    Nancy Kanbar, “Can education for sustainable development address challenges in the Arab region? Examining business students’ attitudes and competences on education for sustainable development: a case study from Lebanon,” Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education 3 (2012): 42.

  148. 148.

    Marc Sehrt, “Digital divide into digital opportunities: e-learning in the Developing Countries,” UN Chronicle 40, no. 4 (2003).

  149. 149.

    Gert Biesta, “Good Education in an Age of Measurement: On the Need to Reconnect with the Question of Purpose in Education,” Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability (formerly: Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education) 21, no 1. (2009): 33–46.

  150. 150.

    Valentino Van de Heyde and André Siebrits, “Students’ attitudes towards online pre-laboratory exercises for a physics extended curriculum programme,” Research in Science & Technological Education, 2018: 22.

  151. 151.

    Ibid., 7.

  152. 152.

    Cited in Ahmed D. Alharthi and Maria Spichkova, “Individual and Social Requirement Aspects of Sustainable eLearning Systems,” International Conference on Engineering Education and Research, Sydney, Australia (2016): 2.

  153. 153.

    Cited by Littlejohn in Karen Stepanyan, Allison Littlejohn, and Anoush Margaryan, “Sustainable eLearning in a Changing Landscape: A Scoping Study (SeLScope),” Report Prepared by the Higher Education Academy Supporting Sustainable eLearning Special Interest Group (2010): 46.

  154. 154.

    Ibid.

  155. 155.

    Ibid.

  156. 156.

    Ibid., 29.

  157. 157.

    Ibid., 10.

  158. 158.

    Mark Nichols, “Institutional Perspectives: The challenges of e-learning diffusion,” British Journal of Educational Technology 39, no. 4 (2008): 607.

  159. 159.

    Scaffolding is most prominently associated with the work of Gilly Salmon, see for example https://www.gillysalmon.com/five-stage-model.html

  160. 160.

    Omer et al., “E-learning Opens Door to the Global Community,” 277.

  161. 161.

    Lee Watanabe-Crockett, Bloom’s Digital Taxonomy Verbs, Global Digital Citizen Foundation, June 11, 2015, https://globaldigitalcitizen.org/blooms-digital-taxonomy-verbs (accessed August 17, 2018).

  162. 162.

    Diane E. Eynon, Women, Economic Development, and Higher Education: Tools in the Reconstruction and Transformation of Post-Apartheid South Africa (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), 20.

  163. 163.

    Sehrt, “Digital divide into digital opportunities.”

  164. 164.

    Danai Nhando, “3 Key Challenges of Implementing eLearning In Africa,” eLearning Industry, October 30, 2015, https://elearningindustry.com/3-key-challenges-implementing-elearning-in-africa (accessed August 18, 2018).

  165. 165.

    Ibid.

  166. 166.

    United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), European Global Navigation Satellite System and Copernicus: Supporting the Sustainable Development Goals—Building Blocks towards the 2030 Agenda (Vienna: United Nations, 2018). http://www.unoosa.org/res/oosadoc/data/documents/2018/stspace/stspace71_0_html/st_space_71E.pdf (accessed August 19, 2018).

  167. 167.

    Ibid., 1.

  168. 168.

    Ibid., 92.

  169. 169.

    Ibid.

  170. 170.

    African Union Commission, Agenda 2063: The Future We Want—First Ten-Year Implementation Plan 2014–2023, 18.

  171. 171.

    Ibid., 92.

  172. 172.

    Ibid., 18.

  173. 173.

    National Planning Commission, National Development Plan 2030, 326.

  174. 174.

    Ibid., 327.

  175. 175.

    University of the Western Cape, Institutional Operating Plan 2016–2020 White Paper, 2016, 10, https://ikamva.uwc.ac.za/content/whitepaper.pdf (accessed August 18, 2018).

  176. 176.

    Ibid., 47.

  177. 177.

    Omer et al., “E-learning Opens Door to the Global Community,” 269.

  178. 178.

    Sentech, VSAT, 2016, http://www.sentech.co.za/content/vsat (Accessed August 18, 2018).

  179. 179.

    Internet Solutions, VSAT Satellite connectivity to extend your business reach, 2018, https://www.is.co.za/solution/vsat/ (accessed August 18, 2018).

  180. 180.

    Matt Williams, “This is the Year Internet from Space Gets Really Serious,” Universe Today, January 8, 2018, https://www.universetoday.com/138210/year-internet-space-gets-really-serious/ (accessed August 18, 2018).

  181. 181.

    Douglas Messier, “SpaceX to Launch Global Satellite Broadband Test Spacecraft on Wednesday,” Parabolic Arc, February 18, 2018, http://www.parabolicarc.com/tag/space-norway/ (accessed August 18, 2018).

  182. 182.

    Ibid.

  183. 183.

    Ibid.

  184. 184.

    Mike Wall, “SpaceX’s Prototype Internet Satellites Are Up and Running,” Space.com, February 22, 2018, https://www.space.com/39785-spacex-internet-satellites-starlink-constellation.html (accessed August 18, 2018).

  185. 185.

    Williams, “This is the Year Internet from Space Gets Really Serious.”

  186. 186.

    Messier, “SpaceX to Launch Global Satellite Broadband Test Spacecraft on Wednesday.”

  187. 187.

    Greg Wyler, “We All Need Access,” OneWeb, 2018, http://www.oneweb.world/ (Accessed August 18, 2018).

  188. 188.

    Mafawez T. Alharbi, Amelia Platt, Ali H. Al-Bayatti, “Personal Learning Environment,” International Journal for e-Learning Security (IJeLS) 3, Issues 1 (2013): 281.

  189. 189.

    Padma Tata, “India launches world’s first education satellite,” New Scientist Ltd., September 20, 2004, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6423-india-launches-worlds-first-education-satellite/ (accessed August 19, 2018).

  190. 190.

    Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Tele-Education, 2017, https://www.isro.gov.in/applications/tele-education (accessed August 19, 2018).

  191. 191.

    Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan, “Space technology for humanity: A profile for the coming 50 years,” Space Policy 23 (2007): 160–161.

  192. 192.

    Ibid., 165.

  193. 193.

    Nhando, “3 Key Challenges of Implementing eLearning In Africa.”

  194. 194.

    Patience Ahimbisibwe, “Secondary students to study space science,” Daily Monitor, May 13, 2016, http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Secondary-students-to-study-space-science-/688334-2714476-6fdvbg/index.html (accessed August 18, 2018).

  195. 195.

    Ibid.

  196. 196.

    See https://www.facebook.com/UWC-CPUT-Space-Association-442173742525308/.

  197. 197.

    Danielle Wood and Annalisa Weigel, “Charting the Evolution of Satellite Programs in Developing Countries—The Space Technology Ladder,” Space Policy 28 (2012): 17.

  198. 198.

    Ibid.

  199. 199.

    University of Surrey, AlSat-1 N, https://www.surrey.ac.uk/surrey-space-centre/missions/alsat-1n (accessed August 18, 2018).

  200. 200.

    Peter B. de Selding, “SSTL To Build Alsat 1B Imaging Satellite in Algeria,” SpaceNews, July 10, 2014, https://spacenews.com/41202sstl-to-build-alsat-1b-imaging-satellite-in-algeria/ (accessed August 19, 2018).

  201. 201.

    Olakunle Oladosu and Etim Offiong, “Improving Space Knowledge in Africa: The ARCSSTE-E,” Space Policy 29 (2013): 154.

  202. 202.

    Ibid., 155.

  203. 203.

    Ibid., 156.

  204. 204.

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  1. Department of Political Studies, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa

    André Siebrits

  2. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa

    Valentino van de Heyde

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    Annette Froehlich

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Siebrits, A., van de Heyde, V. (2019). Towards the Sustainable Development Goals in Africa: The African Space-Education Ecosystem for Sustainability and the Role of Educational Technologies. In: Froehlich, A. (eds) Embedding Space in African Society. Southern Space Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06040-4_10

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