Skip to main content

Cognitive Distortion in Thinking About Gender Issues: Gamma Bias and the Gender Distortion Matrix

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover The Palgrave Handbook of Male Psychology and Mental Health

Abstract

Psychology has identified many examples of cognitive biases and errors. In relation to gender, there are alpha bias (magnifying gender differences) and beta bias (minimising gender differences). In this chapter we identify another gender bias, gamma bias, which simultaneously magnifies and minimises gender differences. An example is domestic violence, where violence against men tends to be overlooked whereas violence against women is often highlighted. It is argued in this chapter that although we live in times where we now rightly talk a lot about conscious and unconscious bias against women, we are not yet conscious of our biases against men. The gender distortion matrix is proposed as a framework for identifying cognitive bias regarding men and boys.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • ABC News. (2010). Interracial couple fights loudly in the park | what would you do? Retrieved August 18, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qUXSU1xUXBM.

  • Archer, J. (2000). Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin,126(5), 651–680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagley, C., & Tremblay, P. (2000). Elevated rates of suicidal behavior in gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention,21(3), 111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bala, N., Hunt, S., & McCarney, C. (2010). Parental alienation: Canadian court cases 1989–2008. Family Court Review,48(1), 164–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barry, J. (2016). Can psychology bridge the gender empathy gap? South West Review, 4, 31–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry, J. A., Mollan, S., Burdon, M. A., Jenkins, M., & Denniston, A. K. (2017). Development and validation of a questionnaire assessing the quality of life impact of Colour Blindness (CBQoL). BMC Ophthalmology,17(1), 179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (Ed.). (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedi, R. P., Young, C. N., Davari, J. A., Springer, K. L., & Kane, D. P. (2016). A content analysis of gendered research in the Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy. Canadian Journal of Counselling & Psychotherapy/Revue Canadienne de Counseling et de Psychothérapie, 50(4), 365–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, B. (2016). Whose lives do gender equality policies improve? Presentation to UCL Women, 11th May 2016. Slides 35–37, available on the world wide web. Retrieved April 25, 2018, from https://www.slideshare.net/BelindaBrown10/.

  • Carcedo, R., López, F., Begona Orgaz, M., Toth, K., & Fernández-Rouco, N. (2008). Men and women in the same prison: Interpersonal needs and psychological health of prison inmates. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology,52(6), 641–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, K., Healy, J., & Dunn, H. (2011). When a parent goes to prison, The Prison Development Work of Barnardo’s Parenting Matters Project, 8(6), 2–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curnock-Cook, M. (2016). In N. Hillman & N. Robinson (Eds.), Boys to men: The underachievement of young men in higher education—And how to start tackling it. Oxford: Higher Education Policy Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dench, G. (1996). Transforming men. New Brunswick: Transaction Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A., Mladinic, A., & Otto, S. (1991). Are women evaluated more favourably than men? An analysis of attitudes, beliefs, and emotions. Psychology of Women Quarterly,15(2), 203–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, W. (2005). Why men earn more: The startling truth behind the pay gap—And what women can do about it. New York: AMACOM Division American Management Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiebert, M. S. (2010). References examining assaults by women on their spouses or male partners: An annotated bibliography. Sexuality and Culture,14, 49–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guardian. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/money/2015/aug/29/women-in-20s-earn-more-men-same-age-study-finds.

  • The Guardian. (2018). The UK penal system is designed by men, for men. Retrieved August 14, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2018/mar/13/penal-system-men-women-new-strategy-inquiry?CMP=share_btn_tw.

  • Haselton, M. G., Nettle, D., & Murray, D. R. (2015). The evolution of cognitive bias. The handbook of evolutionary psychology, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, K., Seager, M., & Barry, J. A. (2018, July). Are clinical psychologists, psychotherapists and counsellors overlooking the needs of their male clients? Clinical Psychology Forum, 26–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huffington Post. (2012). Wikipedia edit-a-thon at royal society aims to fill in gaps of women in science. First published 18th Oct 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2018, from https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/10/18/wikipedia-women-science_n_1979237.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer_us=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmluZy5jb20v&guce_referrer_cs=h4nPToFYzLN2P8xE10P3XQ.

  • Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist,60(6), 581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemkey, L., Brown, B., & Barry, J. A. (2016). Gender distinctions: Should we be more sensitive to the different therapeutic needs of men and women in clinical hypnosis? Findings from a pilot interview study. Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis,37(2), 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liddon, L., Kingerlee, R., & Barry, J. A. (2017). Gender differences in preferences for psychological treatment, coping strategies, and triggers to help-seeking. British Journal of Clinical Psychology,57(1), 42–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marcum, C. D., Higgins, G. E., Freiburger, T. L., & Ricketts, M. L. (2012). Battle of the sexes: An examination of male and female cyber bullying. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 6(1), 904–911.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, N. (2018). Embracing vulnerability in the midst of danger: Therapy in a high secure prison. Existential Analysis,29(2), 174–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mustard, D. (2001). Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in sentencing: Evidence from the US federal courts. The Journal of Law and Economics,44(1), 285–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002). Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web site. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice,6, 101–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oquendo, M. A., Ellis, S. P., Greenwald, S., Malone, K. M., Weissman, M. M., & Mann, J. J. (2001). Ethnic and sex differences in suicide rates relative to major depression in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry,158(10), 1652–1658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richeson, J. A., & Ambady, N. (2001). Who’s in charge? Effects of situational roles on automatic gender bias. Sex Roles,44, 493–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudman, L. A. (2004). Sources of implicit attitudes. Current Directions in Psychological Science,13, 80–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudman, L. A., & Goodwin, S. A. (2004). Gender differences in automatic in-group bias: Why do women like women more than men like men? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,87(4), 494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seager, M., Farrell, W., & Barry, J. A. (2016). The male gender empathy gap: Time for psychology to take action. New Male Studies,5(2), 6–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seager, M., Sullivan, L., & Barry, J. A. (2014). The male psychology conference. University College London, June 2014.New Male Studies, 3(2), 41–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shields, S. A. (2008). Gender: An intersectionality perspective. Sex Roles,59(5–6), 301–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Starr, S. B. (2012). Estimating gender disparities in federal criminal cases. University of Michigan Law and Economics Research Paper, No. 12-018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Creveld, M. (2013). The privileged sex. South Carolina: DLVC Enterprises.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walby, S. (1990). Theorizing patriarchy. Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yurica, C. L., & DiTomasso, R. A. (2005). Cognitive distortions. In Encyclopedia of cognitive behavior therapy (pp. 117–122). Boston, MA: Springer, US.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John A. Barry .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Seager, M., Barry, J.A. (2019). Cognitive Distortion in Thinking About Gender Issues: Gamma Bias and the Gender Distortion Matrix. In: Barry, J.A., Kingerlee, R., Seager, M., Sullivan, L. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Male Psychology and Mental Health. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04384-1_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics