Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Menopausal Hot Flashes, Sleep and Mood Disturbances

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Neurology and Psychiatry of Women

  • 827 Accesses

Abstract

The identification and management of depressive symptoms, hot flashes, and sleep disturbance during menopause first involves a delineation of stage of menopause as the prevalence and management of each symptom may change depending on stage. Menopausal transition is marked by menstrual cycle irregularity and hormonal fluctuations. Depressive symptoms, hot flashes and sleep disturbances are more common during the menopausal transition. Management of the triad of symptoms often entails a careful assessment of the severity of each symptom followed by a consolidated selection of non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions designed to target all presenting symptoms. These overlapping interventions may include but are not exclusive of supportive measures, environmental modifications, cognitive behavioral therapy, SNRI’s, SSRI’s, and, in select cases, Hormone Therapy, depending on stage of menopause.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Harsh V, Meltzer-Brody S, Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ. Reproductive aging, sex steroids, and mood disorders. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2009;17(2):87–102.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, Lobo R, Maki P, Rebar RW, et al. Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):1159–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Bidet M, Bachelot A, Bissauge E, Golmard JL, Gricourt S, Dulon J, et al. Resumption of ovarian function and pregnancies in 358 patients with premature ovarian failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(12):3864–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Santoro N, Arnsten JH, Buono D, Howard AA, Schoenbaum EE. Impact of street drug use, HIV infection, and highly active antiretroviral therapy on reproductive hormones in middle-aged women. J Women’s Health (Larchmt). 2005;14(10):898–905.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Santoro N, Lo Y, Moskaleva G, Arnsten JH, Floris-Moore M, Howard AA, et al. Factors affecting reproductive hormones in HIV-infected, substance-using middle-aged women. Menopause. 2007;14(5):859–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Welt CK, Pagan YL, Smith PC, Rado KB, Hall JE. Control of follicle-stimulating hormone by estradiol and the inhibins: critical role of estradiol at the hypothalamus during the luteal-follicular transition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(4):1766–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Johnson BD, Merz CN, Braunstein GD, Berga SL, Bittner V, Hodgson TK, et al. Determination of menopausal status in women: the NHLBI-sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. J Women’s Health (Larchmt). 2004;13(8):872–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, Lobo R, Maki P, Rebar RW, et al. Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop +10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. Climacteric. 2012;15(2):105–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Van Voorhis BJ, Santoro N, Harlow S, Crawford SL, Randolph J. The relationship of bleeding patterns to daily reproductive hormones in women approaching menopause. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(1):101–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Mitchell ES, Woods NF, Mariella A. Three stages of the menopausal transition from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study: toward a more precise definition. Menopause. 2000;7(5):334–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. McKinlay SM, Brambilla DJ, Posner JG. The normal menopause transition. Maturitas. 1992;14(2):103–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Stricker R, Eberhart R, Chevailler MC, Quinn FA, Bischof P. Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44(7):883–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Randolph JF, Zheng H, Sowers MR, Crandall C, Crawford S, Gold EB, et al. Change in follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol across the menopausal transition: effect of age at the final menstrual period. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(3):746–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Hall JE, Lavoie HB, Marsh EE, Martin KA. Decrease in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse frequency with aging in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(5):1794–800.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kornstein SG, Young EA, Harvey AT, Wisniewski SR, Barkin JL, Thase ME, et al. The influence of menopause status and postmenopausal use of hormone therapy on presentation of major depression in women. Menopause. 2010;17(4):828–39.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Bromberger JT, Kravitz HM, Chang YF, Cyranowski JM, Brown C, Matthews KA. Major depression during and after the menopausal transition: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Psychol Med. 2011;41(9):1879–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Schmidt PJ, Haq N, Rubinow DR. A longitudinal evaluation of the relationship between reproductive status and mood in perimenopausal women. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(12):2238–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bromberger JT, Meyer PM, Kravitz HM, Sommer B, Cordal A, Powell L, et al. Psychologic distress and natural menopause: a multiethnic community study. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(9):1435–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Swartz M, Blazer DG, Nelson CB. Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. I: lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence. J Affect Disord. 1993;29(2–3):85–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zainal NZ. Depressive symptoms in middle-aged women in peninsular Malaysia. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2008;20(4):360–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bromberger JT, Kravitz HM. Mood and menopause: findings from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) over 10 years. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am. 2011;38(3):609–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Bromberger JT, Schott L, Kravitz HM, Joffe H. Risk factors for major depression during midlife among a community sample of women with and without prior major depression: are they the same or different? Psychol Med. 2015;45(8):1653–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Nelson DB. Associations of hormones and menopausal status with depressed mood in women with no history of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(4):375–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bromberger JT, Schott LL, Kravitz HM, Sowers M, Avis NE, Gold EB, et al. Longitudinal change in reproductive hormones and depressive symptoms across the menopausal transition: results from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(6):598–607.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Woods NF, Smith-DiJulio K, Percival DB, Tao EY, Mariella A, Mitchell S. Depressed mood during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study. Menopause. 2008;15(2):223–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cohen LS, Soares CN, Vitonis AF, Otto MW, Harlow BL. Risk for new onset of depression during the menopausal transition: the Harvard study of moods and cycles. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(4):385–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Bromberger JT, Matthews KA, Schott LL, Brockwell S, Avis NE, Kravitz HM, et al. Depressive symptoms during the menopausal transition: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). J Affect Disord. 2007;103(1–3):267–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Avis NE, Brambilla D, McKinlay SM, Vass K. A longitudinal analysis of the association between menopause and depression. Results from the Massachusetts Women’s Health Study. Ann Epidemiol. 1994;4(3):214–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Liu L, Gracia CR, Nelson DB, Hollander L. Hormones and menopausal status as predictors of depression in women in transition to menopause. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(1):62–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Morrison MF, Freeman EW, Lin H, Sammel MD. Higher DHEA-S (dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) levels are associated with depressive symptoms during the menopausal transition: results from the PENN Ovarian Aging Study. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2011;14(5):375–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Maartens LW, Knottnerus JA, Pop VJ. Menopausal transition and increased depressive symptomatology: a community based prospective study. Maturitas. 2002;42(3):195–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Rinaudo PJ, Sheng L. Premenstrual syndrome as a predictor of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(5 Pt 1):960–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kravitz HM, Schott LL, Joffe H, Cyranowski JM, Bromberger JT. Do anxiety symptoms predict major depressive disorder in midlife women? The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Mental Health Study (MHS). Psychol Med. 2014;44(12):2593–602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Boorman DW, Zhang R. Longitudinal pattern of depressive symptoms around natural menopause. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(1):36–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Dennerstein L, Guthrie JR, Clark M, Lehert P, Henderson VW. A population-based study of depressed mood in middle-aged, Australian-born women. Menopause. 2004;11(5):563–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Payne JL, Palmer JT, Joffe H. A reproductive subtype of depression: conceptualizing models and moving toward etiology. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2009;17(2):72–86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Worsley R, Bell R, Kulkarni J, Davis SR. The association between vasomotor symptoms and depression during perimenopause: a systematic review. Maturitas. 2014;77(2):111–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Soares CN, Taylor V. Effects and management of the menopausal transition in women with depression and bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(Suppl 9):16–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Miller LA, A-BO G, Carusi D, Joffe H. Depression in medical illness. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Baune BT, Stuart M, Gilmour A, Wersching H, Arolt V, Berger K. Moderators of the relationship between depression and cardiovascular disorders: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012;34(5):478–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Soares CN. Mood disorders in midlife women: understanding the critical window and its clinical implications. Menopause. 2014;21(2):198–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Greendale GA, Huang MH, Wight RG, Seeman T, Luetters C, Avis NE, et al. Effects of the menopause transition and hormone use on cognitive performance in midlife women. Neurology. 2009;72(21):1850–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Greendale GA, Wight RG, Huang MH, Avis N, Gold EB, Joffe H, et al. Menopause-associated symptoms and cognitive performance: results from the study of women’s health across the nation. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171(11):1214–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Zakzanis KK, Leach L, Kaplan E. On the nature and pattern of neurocognitive function in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 1998;11(3):111–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Joffe H, Soares CN, Thurston RC, White DP, Cohen LS, Hall JE. Depression is associated with worse objectively and subjectively measured sleep, but not more frequent awakenings, in women with vasomotor symptoms. Menopause. 2009;16(4):671–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Portman DJ, Gass ML, Panel VATCC. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: new terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health and the North American Menopause Society. J Sex Med. 2014;11(12):2865–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Derogatis LR, Burnett AL. The epidemiology of sexual dysfunctions. J Sex Med. 2008;5(2):289–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Prairie BA, Wisniewski SR, Luther J, Hess R, Thurston RC, Wisner KL, et al. Symptoms of depressed mood, disturbed sleep, and sexual problems in midlife women: cross-sectional data from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. J Women’s Health (Larchmt). 2015;24(2):119–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Joffe H, Petrillo LF, Koukopoulos A, Viguera AC, Hirschberg A, Nonacs R, et al. Increased estradiol and improved sleep, but not hot flashes, predict enhanced mood during the menopausal transition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(7):E1044–54.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Worsley R, Bell RJ, Gartoulla P, Robinson PJ, Davis SR. Moderate-severe vasomotor symptoms are associated with moderate-severe depressive symptoms. J Women’s Health (Larchmt). 2017;26(7):712–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie: ein Lehrbuch fuer Studierende und Aerzte. Leipzig: Barth; 1909.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Harkins EB. Effects of empty nest transition on self-report of psychological and physical well-being. J Marriage Fam. 1978;40(3):549–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Dennerstein L, Dudley E, Guthrie J. Empty nest or revolving door? A prospective study of women’s quality of life in midlife during the phase of children leaving and re-entering the home. Psychol Med. 2002;32(3):545–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Gracia CR, Kapoor S. Symptoms in the menopausal transition: hormone and behavioral correlates. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(1):127–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Gilbody S, Richards D, Barkham M. Diagnosing depression in primary care using self-completed instruments: UK validation of PHQ-9 and CORE-OM. Br J Gen Pract. 2007;57(541):650–2.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Heinemann LA, Potthoff P, Schneider HP. International versions of the menopause rating scale (MRS). Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1:28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Hilditch JR, Lewis J, Peter A, van Maris B, Ross A, Franssen E, et al. A menopause-specific quality of life questionnaire: development and psychometric properties. Maturitas. 2008;61(1–2):107–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lynch D, Laws KR, McKenna PJ. Cognitive behavioural therapy for major psychiatric disorder: does it really work? A meta-analytical review of well-controlled trials. Psychol Med. 2010;40(1):9–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Brandon AR, Minhajuddin A, Thase ME, Jarrett RB. Impact of reproductive status and age on response of depressed women to cognitive therapy. J Women’s Health (Larchmt). 2013;22(1):58–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Cuijpers P, Geraedts AS, van Oppen P, Andersson G, Markowitz JC, van Straten A. Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(6):581–92.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Kornstein SG, Clayton AH, Bao W, Guico-Pabia CJ. A pooled analysis of the efficacy of desvenlafaxine for the treatment of major depressive disorder in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Women’s Health (Larchmt). 2015;24(4):281–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Joffe H, Groninger H, Soares CN, Nonacs R, Cohen LS, Soares C. An open trial of mirtazapine in menopausal women with depression unresponsive to estrogen replacement therapy. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001;10(10):999–1004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Ladd CO, Newport DJ, Ragan KA, Loughhead A, Stowe ZN. Venlafaxine in the treatment of depressive and vasomotor symptoms in women with perimenopausal depression. Depress Anxiety. 2005;22(2):94–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Pae CU, Mandelli L, Kim TS, Han C, Masand PS, Marks DM, et al. Effectiveness of antidepressant treatments in pre-menopausal versus post-menopausal women: a pilot study on differential effects of sex hormones on antidepressant effects. Biomed Pharmacother. 2009;63(3):228–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Pinto-Meza A, Usall J, Serrano-Blanco A, Suárez D, Haro JM. Gender differences in response to antidepressant treatment prescribed in primary care. Does menopause make a difference? J Affect Disord. 2006;93(1–3):53–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kornstein SG, Toups M, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR, Thase ME, Luther J, et al. Do menopausal status and use of hormone therapy affect antidepressant treatment response? Findings from the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study. J Women’s Health (Larchmt). 2013;22(2):121–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Eker SS, Kirli S, Akkaya C, Cangur S, Sarandol A. Are there differences between serotonergic, noradrenergic and dual acting antidepressants in the treatment of depressed women? World J Biol Psychiatry. 2009;10(4 Pt 2):400–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Morrison MF, Kallan MJ, Ten Have T, Katz I, Tweedy K, Battistini M. Lack of efficacy of estradiol for depression in postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;55(4):406–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Soares CN, Almeida OP, Joffe H, Cohen LS. Efficacy of estradiol for the treatment of depressive disorders in perimenopausal women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(6):529–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Schmidt PJ, Nieman L, Danaceau MA, Tobin MB, Roca CA, Murphy JH, et al. Estrogen replacement in perimenopause-related depression: a preliminary report. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183(2):414–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Gordon JL, Rubinow DR, Eisenlohr-Moul TA, Xia K, Schmidt PJ, Girdler SS. Efficacy of transdermal estradiol and micronized progesterone in the prevention of depressive symptoms in the menopause transition: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiat. 2018;75(2):149–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Simon NM. Treating complicated grief. JAMA. 2013;310(4):416–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Brakemeier EL, Frase L. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in major depressive disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;262(Suppl 2):S117–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Jakobsen JC, Hansen JL, Simonsen S, Simonsen E, Gluud C. Effects of cognitive therapy versus interpersonal psychotherapy in patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses. Psychol Med. 2012;42(7):1343–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Avis NE, Ory M, Matthews KA, Schocken M, Bromberger J, Colvin A. Health-related quality of life in a multiethnic sample of middle-aged women: Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Med Care. 2003;41(11):1262–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kravitz HM, Ganz PA, Bromberger J, Powell LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Meyer PM. Sleep difficulty in women at midlife: a community survey of sleep and the menopausal transition. Menopause. 2003;10(1):19–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Bromberger JT, Assmann SF, Avis NE, Schocken M, Kravitz HM, Cordal A. Persistent mood symptoms in a multiethnic community cohort of pre- and perimenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158(4):347–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Williams RE, Kalilani L, DiBenedetti DB, Zhou X, Fehnel SE, Clark RV. Healthcare seeking and treatment for menopausal symptoms in the United States. Maturitas. 2007;58(4):348–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Dennerstein L, Dudley EC, Hopper JL, Guthrie JR, Burger HG. A prospective population-based study of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96(3):351–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Gold EB, Colvin A, Avis N, Bromberger J, Greendale GA, Powell L, et al. Longitudinal analysis of the association between vasomotor symptoms and race/ethnicity across the menopausal transition: study of women’s health across the nation. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(7):1226–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Reed SD, Lampe JW, Qu C, Copeland WK, Gundersen G, Fuller S, et al. Premenopausal vasomotor symptoms in an ethnically diverse population. Menopause. 2014;21(2):153–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Col NF, Guthrie JR, Politi M, Dennerstein L. Duration of vasomotor symptoms in middle-aged women: a longitudinal study. Menopause. 2009;16(3):453–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Tepper PG, Brooks MM, Randolph JF, Crawford SL, El Khoudary SR, Gold EB, et al. Characterizing the trajectories of vasomotor symptoms across the menopausal transition. Menopause. 2016;23(10):1067–74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Politi MC, Schleinitz MD, Col NF. Revisiting the duration of vasomotor symptoms of menopause: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(9):1507–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Sanders RJ. Risk of long-term hot flashes after natural menopause: evidence from the Penn Ovarian Aging Study cohort. Menopause. 2014;21(9):924–32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Avis NE, Crawford SL, Greendale G, Bromberger JT, Everson-Rose SA, Gold EB, et al. Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(4):531–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Randolph JF, Sowers M, Bondarenko I, Gold EB, Greendale GA, Bromberger JT, et al. The relationship of longitudinal change in reproductive hormones and vasomotor symptoms during the menopausal transition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(11):6106–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Liu Z, Gracia CR. Duration of menopausal hot flushes and associated risk factors. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(5):1095–104.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  91. Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(6):2548–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Thurston RC, Sowers MR, Chang Y, Sternfeld B, Gold EB, Johnston JM, et al. Adiposity and reporting of vasomotor symptoms among midlife women: the study of women’s health across the nation. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(1):78–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Anderson GS. Human morphology and temperature regulation. Int J Biometeorol. 1999;43(3):99–109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Whiteman MK, Staropoli CA, Langenberg PW, McCarter RJ, Kjerulff KH, Flaws JA. Smoking, body mass, and hot flashes in midlife women. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101(2):264–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Michnovicz JJ, Hershcopf RJ, Naganuma H, Bradlow HL, Fishman J. Increased 2-hydroxylation of estradiol as a possible mechanism for the anti-estrogenic effect of cigarette smoking. N Engl J Med. 1986;315(21):1305–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. McKinlay SM, Bifano NL, McKinlay JB. Smoking and age at menopause in women. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103(3):350–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, Gracia CR, Kapoor S, Ferdousi T. The role of anxiety and hormonal changes in menopausal hot flashes. Menopause. 2005;12(3):258–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Mitchell ES, Woods NF. Hot flush severity during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: beyond hormones. Climacteric. 2015;18(4):536–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Faubion SS, Sood R, Thielen JM, Shuster LT. Caffeine and menopausal symptoms: what is the association? Menopause. 2015;22(2):155–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Thurston RC, Bromberger J, Chang Y, Goldbacher E, Brown C, Cyranowski JM, et al. Childhood abuse or neglect is associated with increased vasomotor symptom reporting among midlife women. Menopause. 2008;15(1):16–22.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Thurston RC, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Everson-Rose SA, Hess R, Matthews KA. Hot flashes and subclinical cardiovascular disease: findings from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation Heart Study. Circulation. 2008;118(12):1234–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Thurston RC, Christie IC, Matthews KA. Hot flashes and cardiac vagal control: a link to cardiovascular risk? Menopause. 2010;17(3):456–61.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Crandall CJ, Tseng CH, Crawford SL, Thurston RC, Gold EB, Johnston JM, et al. Association of menopausal vasomotor symptoms with increased bone turnover during the menopausal transition. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(4):840–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Carpenter JS. The hot flash related daily interference scale: a tool for assessing the impact of hot flashes on quality of life following breast cancer. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2001;22(6):979–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Carpenter JS, Bakoyannis G, Otte JL, Chen CX, Rand KL, Woods N, et al. Validity, cut-points, and minimally important differences for two hot flash-related daily interference scales. Menopause. 2017;24(8):877–85.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Sternfeld B, Guthrie KA, Ensrud KE, LaCroix AZ, Larson JC, Dunn AL, et al. Efficacy of exercise for menopausal symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2014;21(4):330–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. Stefanopoulou E, Grunfeld EA. Mind-body interventions for vasomotor symptoms in healthy menopausal women and breast cancer survivors. A systematic review. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;38(3):210–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Garcia MK, Graham-Getty L, Haddad R, Li Y, McQuade J, Lee RT, et al. Systematic review of acupuncture to control hot flashes in cancer patients. Cancer. 2015;121(22):3948–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Hunter MS, Mann E. A cognitive model of menopausal hot flushes and night sweats. J Psychosom Res. 2010;69(5):491–501.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Ayers B, Smith M, Hellier J, Mann E, Hunter MS. Effectiveness of group and self-help cognitive behavior therapy in reducing problematic menopausal hot flushes and night sweats (MENOS 2): a randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2012;19(7):749–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. McCurry SM, Guthrie KA, Morin CM, Woods NF, Landis CA, Ensrud KE, et al. Telephone-based cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms: a MsFLASH randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(7):913–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  112. Prentice RL. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risks of coronary heart disease, breast cancer, and stroke. Semin Reprod Med. 2014;32(6):419–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Grady D, Gebretsadik T, Kerlikowske K, Ernster V, Petitti D. Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;85(2):304–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Suvanto-Luukkonen E, Koivunen R, Sundström H, Bloigu R, Karjalainen E, Häivä-Mällinen L, et al. Citalopram and fluoxetine in the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms: a prospective, randomized, 9-month, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Menopause. 2005;12(1):18–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Freeman EW, Guthrie KA, Caan B, Sternfeld B, Cohen LS, Joffe H, et al. Efficacy of escitalopram for hot flashes in healthy menopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2011;305(3):267–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. Carroll DG, Lisenby KM, Carter TL. Critical appraisal of paroxetine for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms. Int J Womens Health. 2015;7:615–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  117. Joffe H, Guthrie KA, LaCroix AZ, Reed SD, Ensrud KE, Manson JE, et al. Low-dose estradiol and the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine for vasomotor symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(7):1058–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Pinkerton JV, Kagan R, Portman D, Sathyanarayana R, Sweeney M, Investigators B. Phase 3 randomized controlled study of gastroretentive gabapentin for the treatment of moderate-to-severe hot flashes in menopause. Menopause. 2014;21(6):567–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Pinkerton JV. Does addition of gabapentin to antidepressant therapy improve control of hot flashes? Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007;3(8):566–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Maki DG. Review: in menopause (intact uterus), estrogen + progestogen, isoflavones, and black cohosh reduce hot flashes. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(6):JC26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Kravitz HM, Zhao X, Bromberger JT, Gold EB, Hall MH, Matthews KA, et al. Sleep disturbance during the menopausal transition in a multi-ethnic community sample of women. Sleep. 2008;31(7):979–90.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  122. de Zambotti M, Colrain IM, Javitz HS, Baker FC. Magnitude of the impact of hot flashes on sleep in perimenopausal women. Fertil Steril. 2014;102(6):1708–15.el.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Ensrud KE, Stone KL, Blackwell TL, Sawaya GF, Tagliaferri M, Diem SJ, et al. Frequency and severity of hot flashes and sleep disturbance in postmenopausal women with hot flashes. Menopause. 2009;16(2):286–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Timur S, Sahin NH. Effects of sleep disturbance on the quality of life of Turkish menopausal women: a population-based study. Maturitas. 2009;64(3):177–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Joffe H, Massler A, Sharkey KM. Evaluation and management of sleep disturbance during the menopause transition. Semin Reprod Med. 2010;28(5):404–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  126. Woods NF, Mitchell ES. Sleep symptoms during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Study. Sleep. 2010;33(4):539–49.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Naufel MF, Frange C, Anderen ML, Girao MJBC, Tufik S, Beraldi Ribeiro E, Hachul H. Association between obesity and sleep disorders in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2018;25(2):139–44.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Mirer AG, Young T, Palta M, Benca RM, Rasmuson A, Peppard PE. Sleep-disordered breathing and the menopausal transition among participants in the Sleep in Midlife Women Study. Menopause. 2017;24(2):157–62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  129. Lampio L, Polo-Kantola P, Polo O, Kauko T, Aittokallio J, Saaresranta T. Sleep in midlife women: effects of menopause, vasomotor symptoms, and depressive symptoms. Menopause. 2014;21(11):1217–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Lampio L, Saaresranta T, Engblom J, Polo O, Polo-Kantola P. Predictors of sleep disturbance in menopausal transition. Maturitas. 2016;94:137–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Joffe H, Crawford S, Economou N, Kim S, Regan S, Hall JE, et al. A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist model demonstrates that nocturnal hot flashes interrupt objective sleep. Sleep. 2013;36(12):1977–85.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  132. Thurston RC, Joffe H. Vasomotor symptoms and menopause: findings from the Study of Women’s Health across the Nation. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am. 38. United States2011:489–501.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Hall MH, Matthews KA, Kravitz HM, Gold EB, Buysse DJ, Bromberger JT, et al. Race and financial strain are independent correlates of sleep in midlife women: the SWAN sleep study. Sleep. 2009;32(1):73–82.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  134. Durrence HH, Lichstein KL. The sleep of African Americans: a comparative review. Behav Sleep Med. 2006;4(1):29–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Steinberg EM, Rubinow DR, Bartko JJ, Fortinsky PM, Haq N, Thompson K, et al. A cross-sectional evaluation of perimenopausal depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(6):973–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  136. Woods NF, Hohensee C, Carpenter JS, Cohen L, Ensrud K, Freeman EW, et al. Symptom clusters among MsFLASH clinical trial participants. Menopause. 2016;23(2):158–65.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  137. Bastien CH, Vallières A, Morin CM. Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2001;2(4):297–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193–213.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Stepanski EJ, Wyatt JK. Use of sleep hygiene in the treatment of insomnia. Sleep Med Rev. 2003;7(3):215–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Guthrie KA, Larson JC, Ensrud KE, Anderson GL, Carpenter JS, Freeman EW, et al. Effects of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions on insomnia symptoms and subjective sleep quality in women with hot flashes: a pooled analysis of individual participant data from 4 MsFLASH trials. Sleep. 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Dorsey CM, Lee KA, Scharf MB. Effect of zolpidem on sleep in women with perimenopausal and postmenopausal insomnia: a 4-week, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Ther. 2004;26(10):1578–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Joffe H, Petrillo L, Viguera A, Koukopoulos A, Silver-Heilman K, Farrell A, et al. Eszopiclone improves insomnia and depressive and anxious symptoms in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with hot flashes: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(2):171.e1–e11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Campbell S, Whitehead M. Oestrogen therapy and the menopausal syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1977;4(1):31–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Burleson MH, Todd M, Trevathan WR. Daily vasomotor symptoms, sleep problems, and mood: using daily data to evaluate the domino hypothesis in middle-aged women. Menopause. 2010;17(1):87–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Geena Athappilly

  2. Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, USA

    Geena Athappilly

  3. Site Director for Boston University Family Medicine Residency at Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veteran Affairs Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Geena Athappilly

  4. Division of Women’s Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Margo Nathan

Authors
  1. Geena Athappilly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Margo Nathan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Geena Athappilly .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Mary Angela O’Neal

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Athappilly, G., Nathan, M. (2019). Menopausal Hot Flashes, Sleep and Mood Disturbances. In: O’Neal, M. (eds) Neurology and Psychiatry of Women. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04245-5_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04245-5_22

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-04244-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-04245-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation