Abstract
The world’s first universal climate change agreement was adopted by 195 countries in Paris on 12 December 2015. The Paris Climate Conference was the last chance to deliver a global agreement on tackling climate change. The success of the Paris Conference is the culmination of years of efforts by the international community to bring about a universal and balanced agreement on climate change.
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Notes
- 1.
The 2 degree target was discussed by a German climate researcher Wilfrid Bach in an interview with Spiegel in 1988 [1].
- 2.
There are now 197 Parties to the Framework Convention and 192 Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.
- 3.
The Conference included the fifteenth COP to the UNFCCC (COP15) and the fifth COP serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP5).
- 4.
In reality the Protocol always had a bottom up approach, in that countries put forward negotiating positions.
- 5.
With absolute reduction targets set for the EU, Australia, Norway and Switzerland.
- 6.
See Decision 1/CP.21. The text of the Agreement is contained in the annex to this decision.
- 7.
This is known as the „review and ratchet” process.
- 8.
The involvement of developing countries in mitigation actions started at the Montreal COP in 2005 (COP11) and was formalised at the Bali COP in 2007.
- 9.
The Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) put the scientific evidence on climate change right back on the political agenda, and increased the urgency of action.
- 10.
The EU became the first major economy to present a climate plan (i.e. INDC) on 6 March 2015, reflecting its 2030 climate and energy policy framework. It has also signed the Paris Agreement in New York on 22 April 2016.
- 11.
The terrorist attacks on Paris raised concerns about whether the negotiations would go ahead at all.
- 12.
These decisions have been made in parallel with climate negotiating sessions.
- 13.
The Agreement is due to enter into force in 2020. In accordance with Article 21(1), it will enter into force on the thirtieth day after the day on which at least 55 Parties representing at least 55% of global GHG emissions have deposited their respective instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.
References
Von Kampe D., Schumann H.: Die Zeit läuft uns davon Professor Wilfrid Bach über Programme. Zur Verhinderung der drohenden Klimakatastrophe Der Spiegel 45/1988, p. 63. http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-13530065.html
Paris Agreement. http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris/index_en.htm
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Pánovics, A. (2019). From Copenhagen to Paris: The Way Towards a New International Climate Change Agreement. In: Palocz-Andresen, M., Szalay, D., Gosztom, A., Sípos, L., Taligás, T. (eds) International Climate Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03816-8_29
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