Skip to main content

Indications and Outcomes of Heart Transplantation in the Patient with Congenital Heart Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Heart Failure in Congenital Heart Disease:
  • 1573 Accesses

Abstract

The year 2008 marks the fortieth anniversary of the utilization of heart transplantation as therapy for congenital heart disease.1 Since the introduction of cyclosporine-based immunosuppression over 20 years ago,2,3 heart transplantation has evolved from a heroic therapy to a widely applied therapy for patients with congenital heart disease from infancy to adulthood. Within the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) database, patients with congenital heart disease account for 50–75% of the transplants performed in infants <1 year of age; 25–50% of the transplants performed in children 1–10 years of age; and approximately 25% of the transplants performed in adolescents 10–17 years of age (Fig. 5.1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kantrowitz A, Haller JD, Joos H, Cerruti MM, Carstensen HE. Transplantation of the heart in an infant and an adult. Am J Cardiol. 1968;22:782–790.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Pennington DG, Sarafian J, Swartz M. Heart transplantation in children. Heart Transplant. 1985;4:441–445.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Starnes VA, Stinson EB, Oyer PE, Valantine H, Baldwin JC, Hunt SA, Shumway NE. Cardiac transplantation in children and adolescents. Circulation. 1987;76(suppl V):V43–V47.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Kirk R, Edwards LB, Aurora P, Taylor DO, Christie J, Dobbels F, Kucheryavaya AY, Rahmel AO, Hertz MI. Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: eleventh official pediatric heart transplantation report-2008. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008;27:970–977.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Taylor DO, Edwards LB, Aurora P, Christie JD, Dobbels F, Kirk R, Rahmel AO, Kucheryavaya AY, Hertz MI. Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-fifth official adult heart transplant report-2008. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008;27:943–956.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Lamour JM, Kanter KR, Naftel DC, Chrisant MR, Morrow WR, Clemson BS, Kirklin JK. The effect of age, diagnosis and previous surgery in 488 children and adults who undergo heart transplantation for congenital heart disease (abstract). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:322A.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Chiavarelli M, Gundry SR, Razzouk AJ, Bailey LL. Cardiac transplantation for infants with hypoplastic left-heart syndrome. JAMA. 1993;270:2944–2947.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Backer CL, Zales VR, Harrison HL, Idriss FS, Benson DW, Mavroudis C. Intermediate term results of infant orthotopic cardiac transplantation from two centers. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;101:826–832.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Canter CE, Spray TL, Huddleston CB, Moorhead S. Restrictive atrial communication as a determinant of outcome after cardiac transplantation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Circulation. 1993;88(suppl II):II456–II460.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Canter CE, Naftel D, Caldwell R, Chinnock R, Pahl E, Frazier E, Kirklin J, Boucek M, Morrow WR. Survival and risk factors for death after cardiac transplantation in infants: a multi-institutional study. Circulation. 1997;96:227–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ibrahim JE, Sweet SC, Flippin M, Dent C, Mendeloff E, Huddleston CB, Canter CE. Rejection is reduced in thoracic organ recipients when transplanted in the first year of life. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2002;21:311–318.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Webber SA, Naftel DC, Parker J, Mulla N, Balfour I, Kirklin JK, Morrow WR. Late rejection episodes more than 1 year after pediatric heart transplantation: risk factors and outcomes. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2003;22:869–875.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Pahl E, Naftel DC, Kuhn MA, Shaddy RE, Morrow WR, Canter CE, Kirklin J. The impact and outcome of transplant coronary artery disease in a pediatric population: a 9 year multiinstitutional study. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2005;24:645–651.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Nicolas RT, Kort HW, Balzer DT, Trinkaus K, Dent CL, Hirsch R, Canter CE. Surveillance for transplant coronary artery disease in infant, child, and adolescent heart transplant recipients: an intravascular ultrasound study. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006;25:921–927.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Mudge GH, Goldstein S, Addonizio LJ, Caplan A, Mancini D, Levine TB, Ritsch ME, Stevenson LW. Task Force 3: recipient guidelines/prioritization. 24th Bethesda conference: cardiac transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:21–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Costanzo MR, Augustine S, Bourge R, Bristow M, O’Connell JB, Driscoll D, Rose E. Selection and treatment of candidates for heart transplantation. Circulation. 1995;92:3593–3612.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Jacobs ML, Blackstone EH, Bailey LL. Intermediate survival in neonates with aortic atresia: a multi-institutional study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;116:417–431.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Jenkins PC, Flanagan MF, Jenkins KJ, Sargent JD, Canter CE, Chinnock RE, Vincent RN, Tosteson ANA, O’Connor GT. Survival analysis and risk factors for mortality in transplantation and staged surgery for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:1178–1185.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Jenkins PC, Flanagan MF, Sargent JD, Canter CE, Chinnock RE, Jenkins KJ, Vincent RN, O’Connor GT, Tosteson ANA. A comparison of treatment strategies for hypoplastic left heart syndrome using decision analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1181–1187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) website as of October 20, 2008. (http://www.OPTN.org).

  21. Mahle WT, Spray TL, Wernovsky G, Gaynor JW, Clark BJ. Survival after reconstructive surgery for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. A 15-year experience from a single institution. Circulation. 2000;102(suppl III):III-146-41.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Azakie A, Merklinger SL, McCrindle BW, Van Arsdell GS, Lee K, Benson LN, Coles JG, Williams WG. Evolving strategies and improving outcomes of the modified Norwood procedure: a 10-year single-institution experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72:1349–1353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Tweddell JS, Hoffman GM, Mussatto KA, Fedderly RT, Berger S, Jaquiss RD, Ghanayem NS, Frisbee SJ, Litwin SB. Improved survival of patients undergoing palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: lessons learned from 115 consecutive patients. Circulation. 2002;106(suppl I):I82–I89.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Chrissant MRK, Naftel DC, Drummond-Webb J, Chinnock R, Canter CE, Boucek MM, Boucek RJ, Hallowell SC, Kirklin JK, Morrow WR. Fate of infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome listed for cardiac transplantation: a multicenter study. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2005;24:576–582.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Canter CE, Shaddy RE, Bernstein D, Hsu DT, Chrisant MRK, Kirklin JK, Kanter KR, Higgins RSD, Blume ED, Rosenthal DN, Boucek MM, Uzark KC, Friedman AH, Young JK. Indications for heart transplantation in pediatric and congenital heart disease. An American Heart Association Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2007;115:658–676.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Linn JSL, McCrindle BW, Smallhorn JF, Golding F, Caldarone CA, Taketazu M, Jaeggi ET. Clinical features, management, and outcome of children with fetal and postnatal diagnoses of isomerism syndromes. Circulation. 2005;112:2454–2461.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Larsen RL, Eguchi JH, Mulla NF, Johnston JK, Fitts J, Kuhn MA, Razzouk AJ, Chinnock RE. Usefulness of cardiac transplantation in children with visceral heterotaxy (asplenic and polysplenic syndromes and single right-sided spleen with levocardia) and comparison of results with cardiac transplantation in children with dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:1275–1279.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sarris GE, Giannopoulos NM, Tsoutsinos AJ et al. Results of surgery for Ebstein anomaly: a multicenter study from the European Congenital Heart Surgeons Association. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;132:50–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Shinebourne EA, Rigby ML, Carvalho JS. Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum: from fetus to adult: congenital heart disease. Heart. 2008;94:1350–1357.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Guleserian KJ, Armsby LB, Thiagarajan RR, del Nido PJ, Mayer JE, Jr. Natural history of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and right-ventricle-dependent coronary circulation managed by the single-ventricle approach. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:2250–2257; discussion 2258.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Rychik J, Levy H, Gaynor JW, DeCampli WM, Spray TL. Outcome after operations for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;116:924–931.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Ashburn DA, Blackstone EH, Wells WJ, Jonas RA, Pigula FA, Manning PB, Lofland GK, Williams WG, McCrindle BW. Determinants of mortality and type of repair in neonates with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;127:1000–1008.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Glatz JA, Fedderly RT, Ghanayem NS, Twedell JS. Impact of mitral stenosis and aortic atresia on survival in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:2057–2062.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Vida VL, Bacha EA, Larrazabal A, Gauvreau K, Dorfman AL, Marx G, Geva T, Marhsall AC, Pigula FA, Mayer JE, del Nido PJ, Fynn-Thompson F. Surgical outcome for patients with the mitral stenosis-aortic atresia variant of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135:339–346.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hsu DT, Lamour JM, Canter CE. Heart diseases leading to pediatric heart transplantation: cardiomyopathies and congenital heart diseases. Pediatric Heart Transplantation ISHLT Monograph . Series 2, 2007, Elsevier, Philadelphia:1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Jayakumar KA, Addonizio LJ, Kichuk-Chrisant MR et al. Cardiac transplantation after the Fontan or Glenn procedure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:2065–2072.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Michielon G, Parisi F, Squitieri C, Carotti A, Gagliardi G, Pasquini L, Di Donato RM. Orthotopic heart transplantation for congenital heat disease: an alternative for high-risk Fontan candidates? Circulation. 2003;108(suppl II):II140–II149.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Bernstein D, Naftel D, Chin C et al. Outcome of listing for cardiac transplantation for failed Fontan: a multi-institutional study. Circulation. 2006;114:273–280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Simmonds J, Burch M, Dawkins H, Tsang V. Heart transplantation after congenital heart surgery: improving results and future goals. Eur J Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;34:313–317.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Khairy P, Fernandes SM, Mayer JE, Triedman JK, Walsh EP, Lock JE, Landzberg MJ. Long-term survival, modes of death, and predictors of mortality in patients with Fontan surgery. Circulation. 2008;117:85–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Fontan F, Kirklin JW, Fernandez G, Coast F, Naftel DC, Tritto F, Blackstone EH. Outcome after a “perfect” Fontan operation. Circulation. 1990;81:1520–1536.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hraska V, Duncan BW, Mayer JE, Jr., Freed M, del Nido PJ, Jonas RA. Long-term outcome of surgically treated patients with corrected transposition of the great arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;129:182–191.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Yoshimura N, Yamaguchi M, Oshima Y et al. Risk factors influencing early and late mortality after total cavopulmonary connection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;20:598–602.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Takeuchi K, McGowan FX, Jr., Bacha EA et al. Analysis of surgical outcome in complex double-outlet right ventricle with heterotaxy syndrome or complete atrioventricular canal defect. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:146–152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Dos L, Teruel L, Ferreira IJ et al. Late outcome of Senning and Mustard procedures for correction of transposition of the great arteries. Heart. 2005;91:652–656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Gatzoulis MA, Munk MD, Williams WG, Webb GD. Definitive palliation with cavopulmonary or aortopulmonary shunts for adults with single ventricle physiology. Heart. 2000;83:51–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hagler DJ. Palliated congenital heart disease. Adolesc Med. 2001;12:23–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Diller GP, Dimopoulos KD, Okonko D, Li W, Babu-Narayan SV, Broberg CS, Johansson B, Bouzas B, Mullen MJ, Poole-Wilson PA, Francis DP, Gatzoulis MA. Exercise intolerance in adult congenital heart disease: comparative severity, correlates and prognostic implications. Circulation. 2005;112:828–835.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Gentles TL, Gauvreau K, Mayer JE, Fishberger SB, Burnett J, Colan SD, Newburger JW, Wernovsky G. Functional outcome after the Fontan operation: factors influencing late morbidity. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;114:392–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Driscoll DJ, Offord KP, Feldt RH, Schaff HV, Puga FJ, Danielson GK. Five-to fifteen-year follow-up after Fontan operation. Circulation. 1992;85:469–496.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Mancini DM, Eisen H, Kussmaul W, Mull R, Edmonds LH Jr, Wilson JR. Value of peak exercise oxygen consumption for optimal timing of cardiac transplantation in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Circulation. 1991;83:778–786.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kao W, Jessup M. Exercise testing and exercise training in patients with congestive heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1994;13:S117–S121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Aaronson KD, Mancini DM. Is percentage of predicted maximal exercise oxygen consumption a better predictor of survival than peak exercise oxygen consumption for patients with severe heart failure? J Heart Lung Transplant. 1995:14:81–89.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Stelken AM, Younis LT, Jennison SH, Miller DD, Miller LW, Shaw LJ, Kargl D, Chaitman BR. Prognostic value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing using percent achieved of predicted peak oxygen uptake for patients with ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:345–352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. O’Neill JO, Young JB, Pothier CE, Lauer MS. Peak oxygen consumption as a predictor of death in patients with heart failure receiving β-blockers. Circulation. 2005;111:2313–2318.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Miller LW. Listing criteria for cardiac transplantation: results of an American Society of Transplant Physicians-National Institutes of Health conference. Transplantation. 1998;66:947–951.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ponikowski P, Francis DP, Piepoli MF, Davies LC, Chua TP, Davos CH, Florea V, Banasiak W, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats AJS, Anker SD. Enhanced ventilatory response to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved exercise tolerance. Marker of abnormal cardiorespiratory reflex control and predictor of poor prognosis. Circulation. 2001;103:967–972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Wilson JR, Rayos G, Yeoh T et al. Dissociation between peak exercise oxygen consumption and hemodynamic dysfunction in potential heart transplant candidates. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:429–435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lund LH, Aaronson KD, Mancini DM. Validation of peak exercise oxygen consumption and the heart failure severity score for serial risk stratification in advanced heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:734–741.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Aaronson KD, Schwartz JS, Chen T, Wong K, Goin JE, Mancini DM. Development and prospective validation of a clinical index to predict survival in ambulatory patients referred for cardiac transplant evaluation. Circulation. 1997;95:2660–2667.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Washington RL, van Gundy JC, Cohen C, Sondheimer HM, Wolfe RR. Normal aerobic and anaerobic exercise data in North American school-age children. J Pediatr. 1988;112:223–233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Braden DS, Carroll JF. Normative cardiovascular responses to exercise in children. Pediatr Cardiol. 1999;20:4–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Fredriksen PM, Ingjer F, Nystad W, Thaulow E. A comparison of VO2peak between patients with congenital heart disease and healthy subjects, all aged 8–17 years. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1999;80:409–416.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Giardini A, Hager A, Napoleone CP, Picchio FM. Natural history of exercise capacity after the Fontan operation: a longitudinal study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:818–822.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Paridon SM, Mitchell PD, Colan SD, Williams RV, Blafox A, Li JS, Margossian R, Mital S, Russell J, Rhodes J. A cross-sectional study of exercise performance during the first 2 decades of life after the Fontan operation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:99–107.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kamphuis M, Ottenkamp J, Vliegen HW, Vogels T, Zwinderman KH, Kamphuis RP, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. Health related quality of life and health status in adult survivors with previously operated complex congenital heart disease. Heart. 2002;87:356–362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Hager A, Hess J. Comparison of health related quality of life with cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease. Heart. 2005;91:517–520.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. McCrindle BW, Williams RV, Mitchell PD et al. Relationship of patient and medical characteristics to health status in children and adolescents after the Fontan procedure. Circulation. 2006;113:1123–1129.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Dimopoulos K, Okonko DO, Diller G-P, Broberg CS, Salukhe TV, Babu-Narayan SV, Li W, Uebing A, Bayne S, Wensel R, Piepoli MF, Poole-Wilson PA, Francis DP, Gatzoulis MA. Abnormal ventilatory response to exercise in adults with congenital heart disease relates to cyanosis and predicts survival. Circulation. 2006;113:2796–2802.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Diller G-P, Dimopoulos K, Okonko D, Uebing A, Broberg CS, Babu-Narayan S, Bayne S, Poole-Wilson PA, Sutton R, Francis DP, Gatzoulis MA. Heart rate response during exercise predicts survival in adults with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1250–1256.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. del Nido PJ, Bailey LL, Kirklin JK. Surgical techniques in pediatric heart transplantation. Pediatric Heart Transplantation ISHLT Monograph. Series 2, 2007, Elsevier, Philadelphia:83–102.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Cimato TR, Jessup M. Recipient selection in cardiac transplantation: contraindications and risk factors for mortality. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2002;21: 1161–1173.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Gajarski RJ, Mosca RS, Ohye RG, Bove EL, Crowley DC, Custer JR, Moler FW, Valentini A, Kulik TJ. Use of extracorporeal life support as a bridge to pediatric cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2003;22(1):28–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Mehta U, Laks H, Sadeghi A, Marelli D, Odim J, Alejos J et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac support in pediatric patients. Am Surg. 2000;66(9):879–886.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Friedrich-Rust M, Koch C, Rentzsch A, Sarrazin C, Schwarz P, Herrmann E, Lindinger A, Sarrazin U, Poynard T, Schäfers, Zeuzem S, Abdul-Khaliq H. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with Fontan circulation using transient elastography and biochemical fibrosis markers. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135:560–567.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Lesser DB, Jeevanandam V, Furukawa S, Eisen H, Mather P, Silva P, Guy S, Foster CE. Simultaneous heart and kidney transplantation in patients with end-stage heart and renal failure. Am J Transplant. 2001;1:89–92.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Vremes E, Kirsch M, Houël, Legouvelo S, Benvenuti C, Aptecar E, Le Besnerais P, Lang P, Abbou C, Loisance D. Immunologic events and long-term survival after combined heart and kidney transplantation: 1 12-year single-center experience. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2001;20:1084–1091.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Porrett PM, Desai SS, Timmins KJ, Twomey CR, Sonnad SS, Olthoff KM. Combined orthotopic heart and liver transplantation: the need for exception status listing. Liver Transplant. 2004;10:1539–1544.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Huang J, Trinkaus K, Huddleston CB, Mendeloff EN, Spray TL, Canter CE. Recipient as well as donor characteristics are risk factors for primary graft failure after pediatric cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2004;23:716–722.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Kirklin JW, Blackstone EH, White-Williams C, Bourge RC. Pulmonary vascular resistance and the risk of heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1988;7:331–336.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Bourge RC, Naftel DC, Costanzo-Nordin MR, Kirklin KD, Young JB, Kubo SH, Olivari MT, Kasper EK. Pretransplantation risk factors for death after heart transplantation: a multiinstitutional study. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1993;12:549–562.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Bando K, Konishi H, Komatsu K, del Nido PJ, Francalancia NA, Hardesty RL, Griffith BP, Armitage JM. Improved survival following pediatric heart transplantation in high-risk patients. Circulation. 1993;88:II218–II223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Murali S, Kormos RL, Uretsky BF, Schechte D, Reddy PS, Denys BG, Armitage JM, Hardesty RL, Griffith BP. Preoperative pulmonary hemodynamics and early mortality after orthotopic cardiac transplantation: the Pittsburgh experience. Am Heart J. 1993;126:896–904.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Zales VR, Pahl E, Backer CL, Crawford S, Mavroudis C, Benson DW. Pharmacologic reduction of pretransplantation pulmonary vascular resistance predicts outcome after pediatric heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1993;12:965–973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Gajarski RJ, Towbin JA, Bricker JT, Radovancevic B, Frazier OH, Price JK, Schowengerdt KO, Denfield SW. Intermediate follow-up of pediatric heart transplant recipients with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance index. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:1682–1687.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Adatia I, Perry S, Landzberg M, Moore P, Thompson JE, Wessel DL. Inhaled nitric oxide and hemodynamic evaluation of patients with pulmonary hypertension before transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:1656–1664.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hughes Ml, Kleinert S, Keogh A, Macdonald P, Wilkinson JL, Weintraub RG. Pulmonary vascular resistance and reactivity in children with end-stage cardiomyopathy. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2000;19:701–704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Gandhi SK, Huddleston CB, Balzer DT, Epstein DJ, Boschert TA, Canter CE. Biventricular assist devices as a bridge to heart transplantation in small children. Circulation. 2008;118(suppl1):S89–S93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Chen JM, Davies RR, Mital SR, Mercando ML, Addonizio LJ, Pinney SP, Hsu DT, Lamour JM, Quaegebeur JM, Mosca RS. Trends and outcomes in transplantation for complex congenital heart disease: 1984 to 2004. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:1352–1361.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Lamour JM, Hsu DT, Kichuk MR, Galantowicz ME, Quaegebeur JM, Addonizio LJ. Regression of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations following heart transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2000;4:280–284.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Kanter KR, Vincent RN, Raviele AA. Importance of acquired systemic-to-pulmonary collaterals in the Fontan operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68:969–975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Krishnan US, Lamour DT, Hsu DT et al. Management of aortopulmonary collaterals in children following cardiac transplantation for complex congenital heart disease. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2004;23:948–953.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Cochrane AD, Adams DH, Radley-Smith R, Khaghni A, Yacoub MH. Heterotopic heart transplantation for elevated pulmonary vascular resistance in pediatric patients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1995;14:296–301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Foerster SR, Gauvreau K, McElhinney DB, Geva T. Importance of totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection and postoperative pulmonary vein stenosis in outcomes of heterotaxy syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol. 2008;29:536–544.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Graziano JN, Heidelberger KP, Ensing GJ, Gomez CA, Ludomirsky A. The influence of a restrictive atrial septal defect on pulmonary vascular morphology in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol. 2002;23:146–151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Mahle WT, Vincent RN. Analysis of heart transplant waitlist mortality for children (abstract). Circulation. 2008;118(suppl 2):S964.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Pediatric Heart Transplant Study Annual Report. November 1, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Renlund DG, Taylor DO, Kfoury AG, Shaddy RS. New UNOS rules: historical background and implications for transplantation management. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1999;18:1065–1070.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Caldwell RL, Pearce FB, Bartlett H, Rusconi P, White-Williams C, Robinson BV. Should status II patients be removed from the pediatric heart transplant waiting list? A multi-institutional study. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006;25:271–275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Almond C, Thiagarajan R, Piercey G, Gauvreau K, Bastardi H, Singh TP. Waitlist mortality among children listed for heart transplantation in the United States. (abstract). Pediatric Academic Societies. Pediatric Research. 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Rosenthal DN, Dubin AM, Chin C, Falco D, Gamberg P, Bernstein D. Outcome while awaiting heart transplantation in children: a comparison of congenital heart disease and cardiomyopathy. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2000;19:751–755.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Mital S, Addonizio LJ, Lamour JM, Hsu DT. Outcome of children with end-stage congenital heart disease waiting for cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2003;22:147–153.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Shaddy RE, Fuller TC. The sensitized pediatric heart transplant candidate: causes, consequences, and treatment options. Pediatr Transplant. 2005;9:208–214.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Feingold B, Bowman P, Zeevi A, Girnita AL, Quivers ES, Miller SA, Webber SA. Survival in allosensitized children after listing for cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2007;26:565–571.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Pollock-BarZiv SM, McCrindle BW, West LJ, Dipchand AI. Waiting before birth: outcomes after fetal listing for heart transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2008;8:412–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Boucek MM, Mashburn C, Dunn SM, Frizell R, Edwards L, Pietra B, Campbell D. Pediatric heart transplantation after declaration of cardiocirculatroy death. N Eng J Med. 2008;359:709–714.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. West LJ, Pollock-BarZiv, Dipchand AI et al. ABO-incompatible heart transplantation in infants. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:793–800.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Roche SL, Burch M, O’Sullivan J, Wallis J, Parry G, Kirk R, Elliot M, Shaw N, Flett J, Hamilton JRL, Hasan A. Multicenter experience of ABO-incompatible pediatric cardiac transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2008;8:208–215.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Patel ND, Weiss ES, Scheel J, Cameron DE, Vricella LA. ABO-incompatible heart transplantation in infants: analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing database. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008;27:1085–1089.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Fan X, Ang A, Pollock-BarZiv SM, Dipchand AI, Ruiz P, Wilson G et al. Donor-specific B-cell tolerance after ABO-incompatible infant heart transplant. Nat Med. 2004;10:1227–1233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. West LJ, Karamlow T, Dipchand AI, Pollock BarZiv SM, Coles JG, McCrindle BW. Impact on outcomes after listing and transplantation, of a strategy to accept ABO blood group-incompatible donor hearts for neonates and infants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131:455–461.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Holt DB, Lublin DM, Phelan DR, Boslaugh SE, Gandhi SK, Huddleston CB, Saffitz JE, Canter CE. Mortality and morbidity in presensitized pediatric heart transplant recipients with a positive donor crossmatch utilizing perioperative plasmapheresis and cytolytic therapy. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2007;26:876–882.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Pollock-BarZiv SM, den Hollander N, Ngan BY, Kantor P, McCrindle B, Dipchand AI. Pediatric heart transplantation in human leukocyte antigen sensitized patients: evolving management and assessment of intermediate-term outcomes in a high-risk population. Circulation. 2007;116(suppl I):I172–I178.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Malaisrie SC, Pelletier MP, Yun JJ, Sharma K, Timek TA, Rosenthal DN, Wright GE, Robbins RC, Reitz BA. Pneumatic paracorporeal ventricular assist device in infants and children: initial Stanford experience. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008;27:173–177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Blume ED, Naftel DC, Bastardi HJ, Duncan BW, Kirklin JK, Webber SA. Pediatric Heart Transplant Study Investigators. Outcomes of children bridged to heart transplantation with ventricular assist devices: a multi-institutional study. Circulation. 2006;113:2313–2319.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Naftel DC, Kirklin JK, Hsu DT, Blume ED, Webber SA, Morrow WR, Canter CE. Pediatric heart transplantation: 14 years of improving results illustrated by patient specific predictions (abstract). J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008;27:S253.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Chen JM, Davies RR, Mital SA, Mercando ML, Addonizio LJ, Pinney SP, Hsu DT, Lamour JM, Quaegebeur JM, Mosca RS. Trends and outcomes in transplantation for complex congenital heart disease: 1984–2004. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:1352–1361.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Hsu DT, Quaegebeur JM, Michler RE, Smith CR, Rose EA, Kichuk MR, Gersony WM, Douglas JF, Addonizio LJ. Heart transplantation in children with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:743–749.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Lamour JL, Addonizio LJ, Galantowicz ME, Quaegebeur JM, Mancini DM, Kichuk MR, Benizminovitz A, Michler RE, Weinberg A, Hsu DT. Outcomes after orthotopic cardiac transplantation in adults with congenital heart disease. Circulation. 1999;100(suppl II):II200–II205.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Banner NR, Thomas HL, Curnow E, Hussey JC, Rogers CA, Bonser RS. The importance of cold and warm ischemia for survival after heart transplantation. Transplantation. 2008;86:542–547.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Davies RR, Russo MJ, Mital S, Martens TM, Sorabella RS, Hong KN, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, Quaegebeur JM, Mosca RS, Chen JM. Predicting survival among high-risk pediatric cardiac transplant recipients: an analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135:147–155.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Davies RR, Chen JM, Naftel DC, Boyle G, Zangwill S, Gararski R, Robinson B, Kirk R, Hsu D, Blume E. The impact of high-risk criteria on mortality following heart transplantation in children: a multi-institutional study (abstract). J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008;27:S255–S256.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer London

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Canter, C.E. (2010). Indications and Outcomes of Heart Transplantation in the Patient with Congenital Heart Disease. In: Shaddy, R. (eds) Heart Failure in Congenital Heart Disease:. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-480-7_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-480-7_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84996-479-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84996-480-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics