Skip to main content

Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Noncompaction of the left ventricle or noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCCM) is a relatively new clinicopathologic entity, first described by Feldt et al.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   209.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Feldt RH, Rahimtoola SH, Davis GD, Swan HJ, Titus JL. Anomalous ventricular myocardial patterns in a child with complex congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1969;23(5):732-734.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Chin TK, Perloff JK, Williams RG, Jue K, Mohrmann R. Isolated noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium. A study of eight cases. Circulation. 1990;82(2):507-513.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Oechslin EN, Attenhofer Jost CH, Rojas JR, Kaufmann PA, Jenni R. Long-term follow-up of 34 adults with isolated left ventricular noncompaction: a distinct cardiomyopathy with poor prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(2):493-500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hoedemaekers YM, Caliskan K, Majoor-Krakauer D, et al. Cardiac {beta}-myosin heavy chain defects in two families with non-compaction cardiomyopathy: linking non-compaction to hypertrophic, restrictive, and dilated cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(22):2732-2737.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Nemes A, Caliskan K, Geleijnse ML, Soliman OI, Vletter WB, ten Cate FJ. Reduced regional systolic function is not confined to the noncompacted segments in noncompaction cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2009;134(3):366-370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Moura C, Hillion Y, Daikha-Dahmane F, et al. Isolated non-compaction of the myocardium diagnosed in the fetus: two sporadic and two familial cases. Cardiol Young. 2002;12(3):278-283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Tsai SF, Ebenroth ES, Hurwitz RA, Cordes TM, Schamberger MS, Batra AS. Is left ventricular noncompaction in children truly an isolated lesion? Pediatr Cardiol. 2009;30(5):597-602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, et al. Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2006;113(14):1807-1816.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, et al. Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society Of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2008;29(2):270-276.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Dooijes D, Hoedemaekers YM, Michels M, van der Smagt J, van de Graaf R, van Tienhoven M, ten Cate FJ, Caliskan K, Majoor-Krakauer DF. Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy: disease genes, mutation spectrum and diagnostic implications. Submitted. 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Hoedemaekers YM, Caliskan K, Michels M, Frohn-Mulder I, van der Smagt JJ, Phefferkorn JJ, Wessels MW, ten Cate FJ, Sijbrands EJG, Dooijes D, Majoor-Krakauer DF. The importance of genetic counseling, DNA diagnostics and cardiologic family screening in left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy.Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3(3):232-239.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Jenni R, Oechslin E, Schneider J, Attenhofer Jost C, Kaufmann PA. Echocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction: a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2001;86(6):666-671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Belanger AR, Miller MA, Donthireddi UR, Najovits AJ, Goldman ME. New classification scheme of left ventricular noncompaction and correlation with ventricular performance. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102(1):92-96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kohli SK, Pantazis AA, Shah JS, et al. Diagnosis of left-ventricular non-compaction in patients with left-ventricular systolic dysfunction: time for a reappraisal of diagnostic criteria? Eur Heart J. 2008;29(1):89-95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Stollberger C, Finsterer J, Blazek G. Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction and association with additional cardiac abnormalities and neuromuscular disorders. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90(8):899-902.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Petersen SE, Selvanayagam JB, Wiesmann F, et al. Left ventricular non-compaction: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(1):101-105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hughes SE, McKenna WJ. New insights into the pathology of inherited cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2005;91(2):257-264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Burke A, Mont E, Kutys R, Virmani R. Left ventricular noncompaction: a pathological study of 14 cases. Hum Pathol. 2005;36(4):403-411.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Stollberger C, Finsterer J. Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004;17(1):91-100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Boyd MT, Seward JB, Tajik AJ, Edwards WD. Frequency and location of prominent left ventricular trabeculations at autopsy in 474 normal human hearts: implications for evaluation of mural thrombi by two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;9(2):323-326.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pujadas S, Bordes R, Bayes-Genis A. Ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy: CMR and pathology findings. Heart. 2005;91(5):582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Freedom RM, Yoo SJ, Perrin D, Taylor G, Petersen S, Anderson RH. The morphological spectrum of ventricular noncompaction. Cardiol Young. 2005;15(4):345-364.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ritter M, Oechslin E, Sutsch G, Attenhofer C, Schneider J, Jenni R. Isolated noncompaction of the myocardium in adults. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997;72(1):26-31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Aras D, Tufekcioglu O, Ergun K, et al. Clinical features of isolated ventricular noncompaction in adults long-term clinical course, echocardiographic properties, and predictors of left ventricular failure. J Card Fail. 2006;12(9):726-733.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sandhu R, Finkelhor RS, Gunawardena DR, Bahler RC. Prevalence and characteristics of left ventricular noncompaction in a community hospital cohort of patients with systolic dysfunction. Echocardiography. 2008;25(1):8-12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Nugent AW, Daubeney PE, Chondros P, et al. The epidemiology of childhood cardiomyopathy in Australia. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(17):1639-1646.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Stollberger C, Preiser J, Finsterer J. Candida sepsis with intramyocardial abscesses mimicking left ventricular noncompaction. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2004;5(1):76-78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Klaassen S, Probst S, Oechslin E, et al. Mutations in sarcomere protein genes in left ventricular noncompaction. Circulation. 2008;117(22):2893-2901.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Budde BS, Binner P, Waldmuller S, et al. Noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium is associated with a de novo mutation in the beta-myosin heavy chain gene. PLoS ONE. 2007;2(12):e1362.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Morita H, Rehm HL, Menesses A, et al. Shared genetic causes of cardiac hypertrophy in children and adults. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(18):1899-1908.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Lekanne Deprez RH, Muurling-Vlietman JJ, Hruda J, et al. Two cases of severe neonatal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by compound heterozygous mutations in the MYBPC3 gene. J Med Genet. 2006;43(10):829-832.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Van Driest SL, Vasile VC, Ommen SR, et al. Myosin binding protein C mutations and compound heterozygosity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(9):1903-1910.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Zahka K, Kalidas K, Simpson MA, et al. Homozygous mutation of MYBPC3 associated with severe infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at high frequency among the Amish. Heart. 2008;94(10):1326-1330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hermida-Prieto M, Monserrat L, Castro-Beiras A, et al. Familial dilated cardiomyopathy and isolated left ventricular noncompaction associated with lamin A/C gene mutations. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94(1):50-54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ichida F, Tsubata S, Bowles KR, et al. Novel gene mutations in patients with left ventricular noncompaction or Barth syndrome. Circulation. 2001;103(9):1256-1263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Vatta M, Mohapatra B, Jimenez S, et al. Mutations in Cypher/ZASP in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular non-compaction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(11):2014-2027.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kenton AB, Sanchez X, Coveler KJ, et al. Isolated left ventricular noncompaction is rarely caused by mutations in G4.5, alpha-dystrobrevin and FK Binding Protein-12. Mol Genet Metab. 2004;82(2):162-166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Fatkin D, Graham RM. Molecular mechanisms of inherited cardiomyopathies. Physiol Rev. 2002;82(4):945-980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Sedmera D, Pexieder T, Vuillemin M, Thompson RP, Anderson RH. Developmental patterning of the myocardium. Anat Rec. 2000;258(4):319-337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lie-Venema H. The role of epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) in the development of non-compaction cardiomyopathy. Florence International Course on Advances in Cardiomyopathies – 5th meeting of the European Myocardial and Pericardial Disease WG of the ESC. Florence, Italy; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Lie-Venema H, van den Akker NM, Bax NA, et al. Origin, fate, and function of epicardium-derived cells (EPDCs) in normal and abnormal cardiac development. ScientificWorldJournal. 2007;7:1777-1798.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Crawford SE, Qi C, Misra P, et al. Defects of the heart, eye, and megakaryocytes in peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-binding protein (PBP) null embryos implicate GATA family of transcription factors. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(5):3585-3592.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lee Y, Song AJ, Baker R, Micales B, Conway SJ, Lyons GE. Jumonji, a nuclear protein that is necessary for normal heart development. Circ Res. 2000;86(9):932-938.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Shou W, Aghdasi B, Armstrong DL, et al. Cardiac defects and altered ryanodine receptor function in mice lacking FKBP12. Nature. 1998;391(6666):489-492.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. van Loo PF, Mahtab EA, Wisse LJ, et al. Transcription factor Sp3 knockout mice display serious cardiac malformations. Molec Cell Biol. 2007;27(24):8571-8582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Breckenridge RA, Anderson RH, Elliott PM. Isolated left ventricular non-compaction: the case for abnormal myocardial development. Cardiol Young. 2007;17(2):124-129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Palloshi A, Puccetti P, Fragasso G, et al. Elderly manifestation of non-compaction of the ventricular myocardium. J Cardiovasc Med. 2006;7(9):714-716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Finsterer J, Stollberger C. Acquired noncompaction. Int J Cardiol. 2006;110(3):288-300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lombardi R, Betocchi S. Aetiology and pathogenesis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2002;91(439):10-14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Monserrat L, Hermida-Prieto M, Fernandez X, et al. Mutation in the alpha-cardiac actin gene associated with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular non-compaction, and septal defects. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(16):1953-1961.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Zhu L, Vranckx R, Khau Van Kien P, et al. Mutations in myosin heavy chain 11 cause a syndrome associating thoracic aortic aneurysm/aortic dissection and patent ductus arteriosus. Nat Genet. 2006;38(3):343-349.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Guo DC, Pannu H, Tran-Fadulu V, et al. Mutations in smooth muscle alpha-actin (ACTA2) lead to thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Nat Genet. 2007;39(12):1488-1493.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Xin B, Puffenberger E, Tumbush J, Bockoven JR, Wang H. Homozygosity for a novel splice site mutation in the cardiac myosin-binding protein C gene causes severe neonatal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Med Genet. 2007;143A(22):2662-2667.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Wessels MW, Willems PJ. Mutations in sarcomeric protein genes not only lead to cardiomyopathy but also to congenital cardiovascular malformations. Clin Genet. 2008;74(1):16-19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Finsterer J, Gelpi E, Stollberger C. Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction as a cardiac manifestation of Duchenne muscular dystrophy under non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation. Acta Cardiol. 2005;60(4):445-448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Finsterer J, Stollberger C. Spontaneous left ventricular hypertrabeculation in dystrophin duplication based Becker’s muscular dystrophy. Herz. 2001;26(7):477-481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Finsterer J, Stollberger C, Feichtinger H. Noncompaction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: frustrated attempt to create a compensatory left ventricle? Cardiology. 2006;105(4):223-225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Finsterer J, Stollberger C, Wegmann R, Jarius C, Janssen B. Left ventricular hypertrabeculation in myotonic dystrophy type 1. Herz. 2001;26(4):287-290.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hoogerwaard EM, Bakker E, Ippel PF, et al. Signs and symptoms of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy among carriers in The Netherlands: a cohort study. Lancet. 1999;353(9170):2116-2119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hoogerwaard EM, van der Wouw PA, Wilde AA, et al. Cardiac involvement in carriers of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord. 1999;9(5):347-351.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Hermida-Prieto MML, Castro-Beiras A, Castro-Beiras A, et al. Familial dilated cardiomyopathy and isolated left ventricular noncompaction associated with Lamin A/C gene mutations. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:50-54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Rankin J, Auer-Grumbach M, Bagg W, et al. Extreme phenotypic diversity and nonpenetrance in families with the LMNA gene mutation R644C. Am J Med Genet. 2008;146A(12):1530-1542.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Malhotra R, Mason PK. Lamin A/C deficiency as a cause of familial dilated cardiomyopathy. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2009;24(3):203-208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Finsterer J, Stollberger C, Blazek G. Neuromuscular implications in left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction. Int J Cardiol. 2006;110(3):288-300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Scaglia F, Towbin JA, Craigen WJ, et al. Clinical spectrum, morbidity, and mortality in 113 pediatric patients with mitochondrial disease. Pediatrics. 2004;114(4):925-931.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Pignatelli RH, McMahon CJ, Dreyer WJ, et al. characterization of left ventricular noncompaction in children: a relatively common form of cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2003;108(21):2672-2678.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Finsterer J, Stollberger C, Schubert B. Acquired left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction in mitochondriopathy. Cardiology. 2004;102(4):228-230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Finsterer J, Stollberger C, Wanschitz J, Jaksch M, Budka H. Nail-patella syndrome associated with respiratory chain disorder. Eur Neurol. 2001;46(2):92-95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Finsterer J, Bittner R, Bodingbauer M, Eichberger H, Stollberger C, Blazek G. Complex mitochondriopathy associated with 4 mtDNA transitions. Eur Neurol. 2000;44(1):37-41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Cho YH, Jin SJ, Je HC, et al. A case of noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium combined with situs ambiguous with polysplenia. Yonsei Med J. 2007;48(6):1052-1055.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Finsterer J, Stollberger C, Michaela J. Familial left ventricular hypertrabeculation in two blind brothers. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2002;11(3):146-148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Finsterer J, Stollberger C, Prainer C, Hochwarter A. Lone noncompaction in Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. Acta Cardiol. 2004;59(2):187-190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Moon JY, Chung N, Seo HS, Choi EY, Ha JW, Rim SJ. Noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium combined with polycystic kidney disease. Heart Vessels. 2006;21(3):195-198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Ahmed I, Phan TT, Lipkin GW, Frenneaux M. Ventricular noncompaction in a female patient with nephropathic cystinosis: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2009;3:31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Borges AC, Kivelitz D, Baumann G. Isolated left ventricular non-compaction: cardiomyopathy with homogeneous transmural and heterogeneous segmental perfusion. Heart. 2003;89(8):e21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Hamamichi Y, Ichida F, Hashimoto I, et al. Isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium: ultrafast computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2001;17(4):305-314.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Jenni R, Wyss CA, Oechslin EN, Kaufmann PA. Isolated ventricular noncompaction is associated with coronary microcirculatory dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(3):450-454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Nemes A, Caliskan K, Geleijnse ML, Soliman OI, Anwar AM, Ten Cate FJ. Alterations in aortic elasticity in noncompaction cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008;24(1):7-13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Sato Y, Matsumoto N, Matsuo S, et al. Subendomyocardial perfusion abnormality and necrosis detected by magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium associated with ventricular tachycardia. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2009;10(1):66-68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Sato Y, Matsumoto N, Matsuo S, et al. Myocardial perfusion abnormality and necrosis in a patient with isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium: evaluation by myocardial perfusion SPECT and magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiol. 2007;120(2):e24-26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Sato Y, Matsumoto N, Yoda S, et al. Left ventricular aneurysm associated with isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium. Heart Vessels. 2006;21(3):192-194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Soler R, Rodriguez E, Monserrat L, Alvarez N. MRI of subendocardial perfusion deficits in isolated left ventricular noncompaction. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2002;26(3):373-375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Junga G, Kneifel S, Von Smekal A, Steinert H, Bauersfeld U. Myocardial ischaemia in children with isolated ventricular non-compaction. Eur Heart J. 1999;20(12):910-916.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Caliskan K, Balk AHMM, Wykrzykowska JJ, van Geuns RJ, Serruys PW. How Should I Treat An unusual referral for heart transplantation? EuroIntervention. 2010;5(7):861-5.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Gabrielli FA, Lombardo A, Natale L, et al. Myocardial infarction in isolated ventricular non-compaction: contrast echo and MRI. Int J Cardiol. 2006;111(2):315-317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Ito H, Dajani KA. A case with noncompaction of the left ventricular myocardium detected by 64-slice multidetector computed tomography. J Thorac Imaging. 2009;24(1):38-40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Martini DB, Sperotto C, Zhang L. “Cardiac incidentaloma”: Left ventricular non-compaction in a kindred with familial coronary artery disease. Cardiol J. 2007;14(4):407-410.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Ozkutlu S, Bostan O, Karagoz T, Deren O, Tekinalp G. Prenatal diagnosis of isolated non-compaction of the ventricular myocardium: study of six cases. Pediatr Int. 2007;49(2):172-176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Sato Y, Matsumoto N, Matsuo S, et al. Isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium in a 94-year-old patient: depiction at echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiol. 2007;119(1):e32-34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Guntheroth W, Komarniski C, Atkinson W, Fligner CL. Criterion for fetal primary spongiform cardiomyopathy: restrictive pathophysiology. Obstetr Gynecol. 2002;99(5 Pt 2):882-885.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Halbertsma FJ, Van’t Hek LG, Daniels O. Spongy cardiomyopathy in a neonate. Cardiol Young. 2001;11(4):458-460.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Winer N, Lefevre M, Nomballais MF, et al. Persisting spongy myocardium. A case indicating the difficulty of antenatal diagnosis. Fetal Diagn Ther. 1998;13(4):227-232.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Whitham JK, Hasan BS, Schamberger MS, Johnson TR. Use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to determine myocardial viability in an infant with in utero septal myocardial infarction and ventricular noncompaction. Pediatr Cardiol. 2008;29(5):950-953.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Bahl A, Swamy A, Sharma Y, Kumar N. Isolated noncompaction of left ventricle presenting as peripartum cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2006;109(3):422-423.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Patel C, Shirali G, Pereira N. Left ventricular noncompaction mimicking peripartum cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007;20(8):e1009-1012.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Rehfeldt KH, Pulido JN, Mauermann WJ, Click RL. Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction in a patient with peripartum cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2008. Epub ahead of print.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Caliskan K, Balk AHMM, Jordaens L, Szili-Torok T. Bradycardiomyopathy: the case for a causative relationship between severe sinus bradycardia and heart failure. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21(7):822-824.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Stollberger C, Preiser J, Finsterer J. Histological detection of intramyocardial abscesses in Candida sepsis mimicking left ventricular non-compaction/hypertrabeculation on echocardiography. Mycoses. 2004;47(1–2):72-75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Stollberger C, Finsterer J, Waldenberger FR, Hainfellner JA, Ullrich R. Intramyocardial hematoma mimicking abnormal left ventricular trabeculation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2001;14(10):1030-1032.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Hunt SA. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(6):e1-82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2001;104(24):2996-3007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Nieminen MS, Bohm M, Cowie MR, et al. Executive summary of the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure: the Task Force on Acute Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(4):384-416.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK, et al. American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology clinical expert consensus document on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(9):1687-1713.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Stollberger C, Finsterer J. Thrombi in left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction – review of the literature. Acta Cardiol. 2004;59(3):341-344.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Fazio G, Corrado G, Zachara E, et al. Anticoagulant drugs in noncompaction: a mandatory therapy? J Cardiovasc Med. 2008;9(11):1095-1097.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Oginosawa Y, Nogami A, Soejima K, et al. Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy in isolated ventricular noncompaction in adults: follow-up of four cases. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19(9):935-938.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Saito K, Ibuki K, Yoshimura N, et al. Successful cardiac resynchronization therapy in a 3-year-old girl with isolated left ventricular non-compaction and narrow QRS complex. Circ J. 2009;73(11):2173-2177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Stollberger C, Blazek G, Bucher E, Finsterer J. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in left ventricular hypertrabeculation/non-compaction and myopathy. Europace. 2008;10(1):59-62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Okubo K, Sato Y, Matsumoto N, et al. Cardiac resynchronization and cardioverter defibrillation therapy in a patient with isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium. Int J Cardiol. 2008;136(3):e66-68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Kubota S, Nogami A, Sugiyasu A, Kasuya K. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in a patient with isolated noncompaction of the left ventricle and a narrow QRS complex. Heart Rhythm. 2006;3(5):619-620.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Andrews RE, Fenton MJ, Ridout DA, Burch M. New-onset heart failure due to heart muscle disease in childhood: a prospective study in the United kingdom and Ireland. Circulation. 2008;117(1):79-84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Barbosa ND, Azeka E, Aiello VD, et al. Isolated left ventricular noncompaction: unusual cause of decompensated heart failure and indication of heart transplantation in the early infancy–case report and literature review. Clinics. 2008;63(1):136-139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Fazio G, Pipitone S, Iacona MA, et al. The noncompaction of the left ventricular myocardium: our paediatric experience. J Cardiovasc Med. 2007;8(11):904-908.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Kovacevic-Preradovic T, Jenni R, Oechslin EN, Noll G, Seifert B, Attenhofer Jost CH. Isolated left ventricular noncompaction as a cause for heart failure and heart transplantation: a single center experience. Cardiology. 2009;112(2):158-164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Spieker T, Krasemann T, Hoffmeier A, et al. Heart transplantation for isolated noncompaction of the left ventricle in an infant. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;55(2):127-129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Stamou SC, Lefrak EA, Athari FC, Burton NA, Massimiano PS. Heart transplantation in a patient with isolated noncompaction of the left ventricular myocardium. Annals Thora Surg. 2004;77(5):1806-1808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Tigen K, Karaahmet T, Kahveci G, Mutlu B, Basaran Y. Left ventricular noncompaction: case of a heart transplant. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2008;9(1):126-129.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Shimamoto T, Marui A, Yamanaka K, et al. Left ventricular restoration surgery for isolated left ventricular noncompaction: report of the first successful case. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;134(1):246-247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Cavusoglu Y, Ata N, Timuralp B, et al. Noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium: report of two cases with bicuspid aortic valve demonstrating poor prognosis and with prominent right ventricular involvement. Echocardiography. 2003;20(4):379-383.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Ichida F, Hamamichi Y, Miyawaki T, et al. Clinical features of isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium: long-term clinical course, hemodynamic properties, and genetic background. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34(1):233-240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Neudorf UE, Hussein A, Trowitzsch E, Schmaltz AA. Clinical features of isolated noncompaction of the myocardium in children. Cardiol Young. Jul 2001;11(4):439-442.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Oechslin E, Jenni R. Isolated left ventricular non-compaction: increasing recognition of this distinct, yet “unclassified” cardiomyopathy. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2002;3(4):250-251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Rigopoulos A, Rizos IK, Aggeli C, et al. Isolated left ventricular noncompaction: an unclassified cardiomyopathy with severe prognosis in adults. Cardiology. 2002;98(1–2):25-32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Weiford BC, Subbarao VD, Mulhern KM. Noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium. Circulation. 2004;109(24):2965-2971.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Zambrano E, Marshalko SJ, Jaffe CC, Hui P. Isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium: clinical and molecular aspects of a rare cardiomyopathy. Lab Invest. 2002;82(2):117-122.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Kitao K, Ohara N, Funakoshi T, et al. Noncompaction of the left ventricular myocardium diagnosed in pregnant woman and neonate. J Perinat Med. 2004;32(6):527-531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Menon SC, O’Leary PW, Wright GB, Rios R, MacLellan-Tobert SG, Cabalka AK. Fetal and neonatal presentation of noncompacted ventricular myocardium: expanding the clinical spectrum. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007;20(12):1344-1350.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Caliskan K, Hoedemaekers YM, ten Cate FJ, Theuns DJAM, Majoor-Krakauer DF, Balk AHMM, Jordaens L, Szili-Torok T. Sudden cardiac death as a first sign of noncompaction cardiomyopathy. ESC Scientific Sessions. Barcelona, Spain; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Caliskan K, Theuns DJAM, Hoedemaekers YM, ten Cate FJ, Jordaens L, Szili Torok T. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for primary and secondary prevention in patients with noncompaction cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Card. 2009;53(10 (suppl 1)):A136.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Kobza R, Jenni R, Erne P, Oechslin E, Duru F. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with left ventricular noncompaction. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31(4):461-467.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Espinola-Zavaleta N, Soto ME, Castellanos LM, Jativa-Chavez S, Keirns C. Non-compacted cardiomyopathy: clinical-echocardiographic study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2006;4:35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Lofiego C, Biagini E, Pasquale F, et al. Wide spectrum of presentation and variable outcomes of isolated left ventricular non-compaction. Heart. 2007;93(1):65-71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Murphy RT, Thaman R, Blanes JG, et al. Natural history and familial characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(2):187-192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Xing Y, Ichida F, Matsuoka T, et al. Genetic analysis in patients with left ventricular noncompaction and evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Mol Genet Metab. 2006;88(1):71-77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Ogawa K, Nakamura Y, Terano K, Ando T, Hishitani T, Hoshino K. Isolated non-compaction of the ventricular myocardium associated with long QT syndrome. Circ J. 2009;73(11):2169-2172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Marziliano N, Mannarino S, Nespoli L, et al. Barth syndrome associated with compound hemizygosity and heterozygosity of the TAZ and LDB3 genes. Am J Med Genet. 2007;143(9):907-915.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Shan L, Makita N, Makita N, et al. SCN5A variants in Japanese patients with left ventricular noncompaction and arrhythmia. Mol Genet Metab. 2008;93(4):468-474.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Bione S, D’Adamo P, Maestrini E, Gedeon AK, Bolhuis PA, Toniolo D. A novel X-linked gene, G4.5. is responsible for Barth syndrome. Nat Genet. 1996;12(4):385-389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Bleyl SB, Mumford BR, Brown-Harrison MC, et al. Xq28-linked noncompaction of the left ventricular myocardium: prenatal diagnosis and pathologic analysis of affected individuals. Am J Med Genet. 1997;72(3):257-265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Bleyl SB, Mumford BR, Thompson V, et al. Neonatal, lethal noncompaction of the left ventricular myocardium is allelic with Barth syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;61(4):868-872.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Brady AN, Shehata BM, Fernhoff PM. X-linked fetal cardiomyopathy caused by a novel mutation in the TAZ gene. Prenat Diagn. 2006;26(5):462-465.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Chen R, Tsuji T, Ichida F, et al. Mutation analysis of the G4.5 gene in patients with isolated left ventricular noncompaction. Mol Genet Metab. 2002;77(4):319-325.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Cortez-Dias N, Varela MG, Sargento L, et al. Left ventricular non-compaction: a new mutation predisposing to reverse remodeling? Rev Port Cardiol. 2009;28(2):185-194.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. D’Adamo P, Fassone L, Gedeon A, et al. The X-linked gene G4.5 is responsible for different infantile dilated cardiomyopathies. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;61(4):862-867.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Yen TY, Hwu WL, Chien YH, et al. Acute metabolic decompensation and sudden death in Barth syndrome: report of a family and a literature review. Eur J Pediatr. 2008;167(8):941-944.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Ozkutlu S, Ayabakan C, Celiker A, Elshershari H. Noncompaction of ventricular myocardium: a study of twelve patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2002;15(12):1523-1528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Tunaoglu FS, Kula S, Olgunturk R, Ozturk G. Noncompaction with arcus aorta anomalies. Turk J Pediatr. 2003;45(4):363-366.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Niwa K, Ikeda F, Miyamoto H, Nakajima H, Ando M. Absent aortic valve with normally related great arteries. Heart Vessels. 1987;3(2):104-107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Ali SK. Unique features of non-compaction of the ventricular myocardium in Arab and African patients. Cardiovas J Afr. 2008;19(5):241-245.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Vijayalakshmi IB, Chitra N, Prabhu Deva AN. Use of an Amplatzer duct occluder for closing an aortico-left ventricular tunnel in a case of noncompaction of the left ventricle. Pediatr Cardiol. 2004;25(1):77-79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Tatu-Chitoiu A, Bradisteanu S. A rare case of biventricular non-compaction associated with ventricular septal defect and descendent aortic stenosis in an young man. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2006;9(2):306-308.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Song ZZ. A combination of right ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction and atrial septal defect. Int J Cardiol. 2009. Epub ahead of print.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Wessels MW, De Graaf BM, Cohen-Overbeek TE, et al. A new syndrome with noncompaction cardiomyopathy, bradycardia, pulmonary stenosis, atrial septal defect and heterotaxy with suggestive linkage to chromosome 6p. Hum Genet. 2008;122(6):595-603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Salazar Gonzalez JJ, Rite Montanes S, Asso Abadia A, Pueo Crespo E, Salazar Gonzalez E, Placer Peralta LJ. Isolated non-compaction of the ventricular myocardium. An Esp Pediatr. 2002;57(6):570-573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Cavusoglu Y, Aslan R, Birdane A, Ozbabalik D, Ata N. Noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium with bicuspid aortic valve. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2007;7(1):88-90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Cavusoglu Y, Tunerir B, Birdane A, et al. Transesophageal echocardiographic diagnosis of ventricular noncompaction associated with an atrial septal aneurysm in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy of unknown etiology. Can J Cardiol. 2005;21(8):705-707.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Unlu M, Ozeke O, Kara M, Yesillik S. Ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm associated with noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2008;9(2):311-313.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Dagdeviren B, Eren M, Oguz E. Noncompaction of ventricular myocardium, complete atrioventricular block and minor congenital heart abnormalities: case report of an unusual coexistence. Acta Cardiol. 2002;57(3):221-224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Friedman MA, Wiseman S, Haramati L, Gordon GM, Spevack DM. Noncompaction of the left ventricle in a patient with dextroversion. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2007;8(1):70-73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Gorgulu S, Celik S, Eksik A, Tezel T. Double-orifice mitral valve associated with nonisolated left ventricular noncompaction – a case report. Angiology. 2004;55(6):707-710.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Sugiyama H, Hoshiai M, Toda T, Nakazawa S. Double-orifice mitral valve associated with noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium. Pediatr Cardiol. 2006;27(6):746-749.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Wang XX, Song ZZ. A combination of left ventricular noncompaction and double orifice mitral valve. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2009;7:11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Arslan S, Gurlertop HY, Gundogdu F, Senocak H. Left ventricular noncompaction and mid-caviter narrowing associated with Ebstein’s anomaly: three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic image. Int J Cardiol. 2007;115(1):e52-55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Attenhofer Jost CH, Connolly HM, Warnes CA, et al. Noncompacted myocardium in Ebstein’s anomaly: initial description in three patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004;17(6):677-680.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Bagur RH, Lederlin M, Montaudon M, et al. Images in cardiovascular medicine Ebstein anomaly associated with left ventricular noncompaction. Circulation. 2008;118(16):e662-664.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Betrian Blasco P, Gallardo Agromayor E. Ebstein’s anomaly and left ventricular noncompaction association. Int J Cardiol. 2007;119(2):264-265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Ilercil A, Barack J, Malone MA, Barold SS, Herweg B. Association of noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium with Ebstein’s anomaly. Echocardiography. 2006;23(5):432-433.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Sinkovec M, Kozelj M, Podnar T. Familial biventricular myocardial noncompaction associated with Ebstein’s malformation. Int J Cardiol. 2005;102(2):297-302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Friedberg MK, Ursell PC, Silverman NH. Isomerism of the left atrial appendage associated with ventricular noncompaction. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(7):985-990.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Vanpraagh R, Ongley PA, Swan HJ. Anatomic types of single or common ventricle in man. Morphologic and geometric aspects of 60 necropsied cases. Am J Cardiol. 1964;13:367-386.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Dogan R, Dogan OF, Oc M, Duman U, Ozkutlu S, Celiker A. Noncompaction of ventricular myocardium in a patient with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries treated surgically: case report. Heart Surg Forum. 2005;8(2):E110-113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Finsterer J, Schoser B, Stollberger C. Myoadenylate-deaminase gene mutation associated with left ventricular hypertrabeculation/non-compaction. Acta Cardiol. 2004;59(4):453-456.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Stollberger C, Finsterer J, Blazek G, Bittner RE. Left ventricular non-compaction in a patient with becker’s muscular dystrophy. Heart. 1996;76(4):380.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Finsterer J, Stollberger C, Gaismayer K, Janssen B. Acquired noncompaction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Int J Cardiol. 2006;106(3):420-421.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Corrado G, Checcarelli N, Santarone M, Stollberger C, Finsterer J. Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction with PMP22 duplication-based charcot-marie-tooth disease type 1A. Cardiology. 2006;105(3):142-145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Finsterer J, Stolberger C, Kopsa W. Noncompaction in myotonic dystrophy type 1 on cardiac MRI. Cardiology. 2005;103(3):167-168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Sa MI, Cabral S, Costa PD, et al. Cardiac involveent in type 1 myotonic dystrophy. Rev Port Cardiol. 2007;26(9):829-840.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Wahbi K, Meune C, Bassez G, et al. Left ventricular non-compaction in a patient with myotonic dystrophy type 2. Neuromuscul Disord. 2008;18(4):331-333.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Hussein A, Schmaltz AA, Trowitzsch E. Isolated abnormality (“noncompaction”) of the myocardium in 3 children. Klin Padiatr. 1999;211(3):175-178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Davili Z, Johar S, Hughes C, Kveselis D, Hoo J. Succinate dehydrogenase deficiency associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and ventricular noncompaction. Eur J Pediatr. 2006;166(8):867-870.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Stollberger C, Finsterer J. Noncompaction in Melnick Fraser syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30(8):1047. author reply 1048.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Matsumoto T, Watanabe A, Migita M, et al. Transient cardiomyopathy in a patient with congenital contractural arachnodactyly (Beals syndrome). J Nippon Med Sch. 2006;73(5):285-288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Limongelli G, Pacileo G, Marino B, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of cardiovascular abnormalities in patients with the LEOPARD syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100(4):736-741.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Wong JA, Bofinger MK. Noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium in Melnick-Needles syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1997;71(1):72-75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Finsterer J, Stollberger C, Kopsa W. Noncompaction on cardiac MRI in a patient with nail-patella syndrome and mitochondriopathy. Cardiology. 2003;100(1):48-49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Finsterer J, Stollberger C, Steger C, Cozzarini W. Complete heart block associated with noncompaction, nail-patella syndrome, and mitochondrial myopathy. J Electrocardiol. 2007;40(4):352-354.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Amann G, Sherman FS. Myocardial dysgenesis with persistent sinusoids in a neonate with Noonan’s phenotype. Pediatr Pathol. 1992;12(1):83-92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Mandel K, Grunebaum E, Benson L. Noncompaction of the myocardium associated with Roifman syndrome. Cardiol Young. 2001;11(2):240-243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Happle R, Daniels O, Koopman RJ. MIDAS syndrome (microphthalmia, dermal aplasia, and sclerocornea): an X-linked phenotype distinct from Goltz syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1993;47(5):710-713.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Kherbaoui-Redouani L, Eschard C, Bednarek N, Morville P. Cutaneous aplasia, non compaction of the left ventricle and severe cardiac arrhythmia: a new case of MLS syndrome (microphtalmia with linear skin defects). Arch Pediatr. 2003;10(3):224-226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Battaglia A, Hoyme HE, Dallapiccola B, et al. Further delineation of deletion 1p36 syndrome in 60 patients: a recognizable phenotype and common cause of developmental delay and mental retardation. Pediatrics. 2008;121(2):404-410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Cremer K, Ludecke HJ, Ruhr F, Wieczorek D. Left-ventricular non-compaction (LVNC): a clinical feature more often observed in terminal deletion 1p36 than previously expected. Eur J Med Genet. 2008;51(6):685-688.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Saito S, Kawamura R, Kosho T, et al. Bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria, periventricular nodular heterotopia, and left ventricular noncompaction in a girl with 10.5–11.1 Mb terminal deletion of 1p36. Am J Med Genet. 2008;146A(22):2891-2897.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Thienpont B, Mertens L, Buyse G, Vermeesch JR, Devriendt K. Left-ventricular non-compaction in a patient with monosomy 1p36. Eur J Med Genet. 2007;50(3):233-236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Kanemoto N, Horigome H, Nakayama J, et al. Interstitial 1q43-q43 deletion with left ventricular noncompaction myocardium. Eur J Med Genet. 2006;49(3):247-253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Pauli RM, Scheib-Wixted S, Cripe L, Izumo S, Sekhon GS. Ventricular noncompaction and distal chromosome 5q deletion. Am J Med Genet. 1999;85(4):419-423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. De Rosa G, Pardeo M, Bria S, et al. Isolated myocardial non-compaction in an infant with distal 4q trisomy and distal 1q monosomy. Eur J Pediatr. 2005;164(4):255-256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. McMahon CJ, Chang AC, Pignatelli RH, et al. Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy in association with trisomy 13. Pediatr Cardiol. 2005;26(4):477-479.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Wang JC, Dang L, Mondal TK, Khan A. Prenatally diagnosed mosaic trisomy 22 in a fetus with left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy. Am J Med Genet. 2007;143A(22):2744-2746.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Altenberger H, Stollberger C, Finsterer J. Isolated left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction in a Turner mosaic with male phenotype. Acta Cardiol. 2009;64(1):99-103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. van Heerde M, Hruda J, Hazekamp MG. Severe pulmonary hypertension secondary to a parachute-like mitral valve, with the left superior caval vein draining into the coronary sinus, in a girl with Turner’s syndrome. Cardiol Young. 2003;13(4):364-366.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Sasse-Klaassen S, Probst S, Gerull B, et al. Novel gene locus for autosomal dominant left ventricular noncompaction maps to chromosome 11p15. Circulation. 2004;109(22):2720-2723.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Sajeev CG, Francis J, Shanker V, Vasudev B, Abdul Khader S, Venugopal K. Young male with isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium presenting with atrial fibrillation and complete heart block. Int J Cardiol. 2006;107(1):142-143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Enriquez SG, Entem FR, Cobo M, Olalla JJ. Uncommon etiology of syncope in a patient with isolated ventricular noncompaction. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30(4):577-579.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Celiker A, Kafali G, Dogan R. Cardioverter defibrillator implantation in a child with isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium and ventricular fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004;27(1):104-108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Taniguchi M, Hioka T, Maekawa K, Takagagi K, Shoji K, Yoshida K. Adult case of isolated ventricular noncompaction discovered by complete atrioventricular block. Circ J. 2004;68(9):873-875.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Zhou Y, Zhang P, Zhou Q, Guo J, Xu Y, Li X. Giant P waves and focal atrial tachycardia in a patient with ventricular noncompaction. Int J Cardiol. 2008;123(2):210-212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. El Menyar AA, Gendi SM. Persistent atrial standstill in noncompaction cardiomyopathy. Pediatr Cardiol. 2006;27(3):364-366.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Ozkutlu S, Onderoglu L, Karagoz T, Celiker A, Sahiner UM. Isolated noncompaction of left ventricular myocardium with fetal sustained bradycardia due to sick sinus syndrome. Turk J Pediatr. 2006;48(4):383-386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Celiker A, Ozkutlu S, Dilber E, Karagoz T. Rhythm abnormalities in children with isolated ventricular noncompaction. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005;28(11):1198-1202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Fazio G, Corrado G, Pizzuto C, et al. Supraventricular arrhythmias in noncompaction of left ventricle: is this a frequent complication? Int J Cardiol. 2008;127(2):255-256.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Sato Y, Matsumoto N, Takahashi H, et al. Cardioverter defibrillator implantation in an adult with isolated noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium. Int J Cardiol. 2006;110(3):417-419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. Fichet J, Legras A, Bernard A, Babuty D. Aborted sudden cardiac death revealing isolated noncompaction of the left ventricle in a patient with wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30(3):444-447.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Michelle Michels and Dennis Dooijes for their scientific contribution and the Dutch Heart Foundation for their financial support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yvonne M. Hoedemaekers .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag London Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hoedemaekers, Y.M., Caliskan, K., Majoor-Krakauer, D.F. (2011). Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy. In: Baars, H., Doevendans, P., van der Smagt, J. (eds) Clinical Cardiogenetics. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-471-5_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-471-5_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-84996-470-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-84996-471-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics