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Pediatric patients with congenital cardiac defects or with acquired cardiac diseases may develop cardiovascular dysfunction. In the context of cardiac surgery, the low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) probably is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in the immediate postoperative phase, particularly in newborns and infants. Cardiovascular performance may also be affected in many other physiopathological circumstances, such as sepsis, endocrine, and metabolic or respiratory disorders. Regardless of the etiology of cardiovascular dysfunction in the pediatric population, medical treatment must be based on a comprehensive hemodynamic and pathophysiological appraisal7.

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da Cruz, E., Rimensberger, P.C. (2008). Inotropic and Vasoactive Drugs. In: Munoz, R., Schmitt, C.G., Roth, S.J., da Cruz, E. (eds) Handbook of Pediatric Cardiovascular Drugs. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-953-8_3

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