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Adult Stem Cell Plasticity Revisited

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Adult Stem Cells

Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL))

Abstract

Cell biologists have long realized that most cells do not live as long as the organisms they comprise; thus, cells in almost every tissue need to be renewed/replaced during the natural lifespan of the organism. Depending on the turnover rate of cells in any given organ, this process can be very frequent or very rare. Epithelial cells in the mouth and the GI tract are exposed to a variety of insults (such as heat, cold, extreme changes in pH, strong spices, etc.) and have a very fast turnover rate; nerve cells get wired during embryonal development and either do not turn over or have a very low turnover rate. The rest of the tissues are somewhere in between. This kind of tissue regeneration relies on undifferentiated tissue-specific stem cells (also known as somatic stem cells) that are found in all adult animals and humans and multiply by cell division. They replenish cells that die from old age and regenerate those that have been damaged.

Scientific interest in adult stem cells has centered on their ability to divide or self-renew indefinitely and generate all the cell types of the organ from which they originate, potentially regenerating the entire organ from a few cells. Unlike embryonic stem cells, the use of adult stem cells in research and therapy is not considered to be controversial as they are derived from adult tissue samples rather than human embryos. They have mainly been studied in humans and model organisms such as mice and rats.

Adult stem cells can potentially be used (1) to help us understand basic biological mechanisms (2) to regenerate aged or damaged tissues, and (3) to improve the health of organs by releasing agents that promote growth or differentiation of cells. Below, I will try to summarize the present knowledge of adult stem cells with regard to their (trans)differentiation abilities. Due to the vast amount of literature available, I will focus on human data when they are available and refer the reader to reviews for more details than I can provide in the space available.

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Abbreviations

BM:

Bone marrow

BMSC:

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell

DMD:

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

EGFP:

Enhanced green fluorescent protein

FISH:

Fluorescent in situ hybridization

GVHD:

Graft versus host disease

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

HSC:

Hematopoietic stem cell

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Acknowledgment

The author is supported by the Division of Intramural Research of the NIDCR, Intramural Research Program, NIH, DHHS.

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  1. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 49, 5A76 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    Eva Mezey

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  1. , Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, 33458, Florida, USA

    Donald G. Phinney

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Mezey, E. (2011). Adult Stem Cell Plasticity Revisited. In: Phinney, D. (eds) Adult Stem Cells. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-002-7_5

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