Abstract
Chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are present in high levels in connective tissue where they play roles as structural molecules and in protein-binding interactions. Recent developments in the techniques for analysis of CS/DS using capillary electrophoresis (CE) have enabled progress in the understanding of changes in CS/DS structure that accompany connective tissue diseases including osteoarthritis. Key to these developments is the ability to extract CS/DS GAGs from small quantities of connective tissue. This chapter describes a method for connective tissue GAG extraction, derivatization, and workup for subsequent capillary electrophoretic and/or mass spectrometric analysis.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Heinegard, D., Bjorne-Persson, A., Coster, L., Franzen, A., Gardell, S., Malmstrom, A., Paulsson, M., Sandfalk, R., and Vogel, K. (1985) The core proteins of large and small interstitial proteoglycans from various connective tissues form distinct subgroups. Biochem. J. 230, 181–194.
Ruoslahti, E. (1988) Structure and biology of proteoglycans. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 4, 229–255.
Sugahara, K., Mikami, T., Uyama, T., Mizuguchi, S., Nomura, K., and Kitagawa, H. (2003) Recent advances in the structural biology of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 13, 612–620.
Roughley, P. J. and White, R. J. (1980) Age-related changes in the structure of the proteoglycan subunits from human articular cartilage. J. Biol. Chem. 255, 217–224.
Sharif, M., Osborne, D. J., Meadows, K., Woodhouse, S. M., Colvin, E. M., Shepstone, L., and Dieppe, P. A. (1996) The relevance of chondroitin and keratan sulphate markers in normal and arthritic synovial fluid. Br. J. Rheumatol. 35, 951–957.
Coster, L., Hernnas, J., and Malmstrom, A. (1991) Biosynthesis of dermatan sulphate proteoglycans. The effect of beta-D-xyloside addition on the polymer-modification process in fibroblast cultures. Biochem. J. 276(Pt 2), 533–539.
Fransson, L. A., Belting, M., Jonsson, M., Mani, K., Moses, J., and Oldberg, A. (2000) Biosynthesis of decorin and glypican. Matrix. Biol. 19, 367–376.
Cheng, F., Heinegard, D., Malmstrom, A., Schmidtchen, A., Yoshida, K., and Fransson, L. A. (1994) Patterns of uronosyl epimerization and 4-/6-O-sulphation in chondroitin/dermatan sulphate from decorin and biglycan of various bovine tissues. Glycobiology 4, 685–696.
Miller, M. J. C., Costello, C. E., Malmström, A., and Zaia, J. (2006) A tandem mass spectrometric approach to determination of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate oligosaccharide glycoforms. Glycobiology 16, 502–513.
Hitchcock, A. M., Costello, C. E., and Zaia, J. (2006) Glycoform quantification of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate using an LC/MS/MS platform. Biochemistry 45, 2350–2361.
Turnbull, J., Powell, A., and Guimond, S. (2001) Heparan sulfate: decoding a dynamic multifunctional cell regulator. Trends Cell Biol. 11, 75–82.
Zaia, J. (2009) On-line separations combined with MS for analysis of glycosaminoglycans. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 28, 254–272.
Mason, K. E., Meikle, P. J., Hopwood, J. J., and Fuller, M. (2006) Characterization of sulfated oligosaccharides in mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 78, 4534–4542.
Kuberan, B., Lech, M., Zhang, L., Wu, Z. L., Beeler, D. L., and Rosenberg, R. (2002) Analysis of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides with ion pair-reverse phase capillary high performance liquid chromatography-microelectrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 8707–8718.
Thanawiroon, C., Rice, K. G., Toida, T., and Linhardt, R. J. (2004) Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry sequencing approach for highly sulfated heparin-derived oligosaccharides. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 2608–2615.
Estrella, R. P., Whitelock, J. M., Packer, N. H., and Karlsson, N. G. (2007) Graphitized carbon LC-MS characterization of the chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides of aggrecan. Anal. Chem. 79, 3597–3606.
Karlsson, N. G., Schulz, B. L., Packer, N. H., and Whitelock, J. M. (2005) Use of graphitised carbon negative ion LC-MS to analyse enzymatically digested glycosaminoglycans. J. Chromatogr. B. Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 824, 139–147.
Hitchcock, A. M., Yates, K. E., Shortkroff, S., Costello, C. E., and Zaia, J. (2006) Optimized extraction of glycosaminoglycans from normal and osteoarthritic cartilage for glycomics profiling. Glycobiology 17, 25–35.
Zaia, J. and Costello, C. E. (2001) Compositional analysis of glycosaminoglycans by electrospray mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 73, 233–239.
Naimy, H., Leymarie, N., Bowman, M., and Zaia, J. (2008) Characterization of heparin oligosaccharides binding specifically to antithrombin III using mass spectrometry. Biochemistry 47, 3155–3161.
Hitchcock, A., Yates, K. E., Costello, C., and Zaia, J. (2008) Comparative glycomics of connective tissue glycosaminoglycans. Proteomics 8, 1384–1397.
Staples, G., Bowman, M., Costello, C. E., Hitchcock, A., Lau, J., Leymarie, N., Miller, C., Naimy, H., Shi, X., and Zaia, J. (2009) A chip-based amide-HILIC LC–MS platform for glycosaminoglycan glycomics. Proteomics 9, 686–695. 9/10/08.
Hitchcock, A., Bowman, M., Staples, G., and Zaia, J. (2008) Improved workup for glycosaminoglycan disaccharide analysis using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 29, 4538–4548.
Acknowledgments
The authors were supported by NIH grant P41RR10888 and NIH contract NO1HV28178.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Humana Press
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Bielik, A.M., Zaia, J. (2010). Extraction of Chondroitin/Dermatan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans from Connective Tissue for Mass Spectrometric Analysis. In: Li, J. (eds) Functional Glycomics. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 600. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-454-8_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-454-8_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-453-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-454-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols