Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Penis and Scrotum: Congenital and Acquired Anomalies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric Urology

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Urology ((CCU))

  • 1923 Accesses

Abstract

Anomalies of the penis and scrotum are common and may be congenital, acquired, or iatrogenic. The understanding of the normal anatomy of the penis and scrotum is important in order to assist in evaluating congenital and acquired anomalies of the male genitalia. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the normal anatomy and anomalies of the penis and scrotum.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Johnson P, Maxwell D. Fetal penile length. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000;15: 408–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Zalel Y, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Lipitz S, et al. The development of the fetal penis—an in utero sonographic evaluation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001;17:129–131.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Oster J. Further fate of the foreskin: Incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys. Arch Dis Child 1968;43:200–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Kayaba H, Tamura H, Kitajima S, et al. Analysis of shape and retractability of the prepuce in 603 Japanese boys. J Urol 1996;156:1813–1815.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Palmer LS, Palmer JS. The efficacy of topical betamethasone for treating phimosis: a comparison of two treatment regimens. Urology 2008;72:68–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Palmer JS (editor): An international view on circumcision. Dialogues in Pediatric Urology 2009;30(6):1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Hardwick-Smith S, Mastrobattista JM, Wallace PA, Ritchey ML. Ring block for neonatal circumcision. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:930–934.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Baskin LS, Canning DA, Snyder HM, Duckett J. Treating complications of circumcision. Pediatric Emergency Care 1996;12:62–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ben Chaim J, Livne PM, Binyamini J, et al. Complications of circumcision in Israel: A one year multicenter survey. Isr Med Assoc J 2005;7:368–370.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Litvak AS, Morris JA Jr, McRoberts JW. Normal size of the urethral meatus in boys. J Urol 1976;115:736–737.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Brisson PA, Patel HI, Feins NR. Revision of circumcision in children: report of 56 cases. J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:1343–1346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Redman JF. Circumcision revision in prepubertal boys: analysis of a 2-year experience and description of a technique. J Urol 1995;153:180–182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ching, CB and Palmer JS. Circumcision revision for asymmetric redundant skin resulting in minimal suture lines. Can J Urol 2008;15:4304.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Palmer JS, Elder JS, Palmer LS. The use of betamethasone to manage the trapped penis following newborn circumcision. J Urol 2005;174:1577–1578.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sherman J, Borer JG, Horowitz M, Glassberg KI. Circumcision: Successful glanular reconstruction and survival following traumatic amputation. J Urol 1996;156: 842–844.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Gearhart PJ, Rock JA. Total ablation of the penis after circumcision with Electrocautery. A method of management and long-term followup. J Urol 1989;142: 799–801.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bradley SJ, Oliver GD, Chernick AB, Zucker KJ. Experiment of nurture: Ablatio penis at 2 months, sex reassignment at 7 months, and a psychosexual follow-up in young adulthood. Pediatrics 1998;102:E9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Chalmers RJ, Burton PA, Bennett RF, et al. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. A common and distinctive cause of phimosis in boys. Arch Dermatol 1984;120:1025–1027.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Vincent MV and Mackinnon E. The response of clinical balanitis xerotical obliterans to the application of topical steroid-based creams. J Pediatra Surg 2005;40:709–712.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Salle JLP, Sibai H, Rosenstein D, et al. Urethral duplication in the male: review of 16 cases. J Urol 2000;163:1936–1940.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Slavov C, Donkov I, Popov E. Case of duplicated urethra in an adult male presenting with symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction. Eur Urol 2007;52:1249–1251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ching CB and Palmer JS. Collateral urethral duplication. Dialogues in Pediatric Urology 2008;29(3):16–17.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Effman EL, Lebowitz RL, Colodny AH. Duplication of the urethra. Pediatric Radiology April 1976;119:179–185.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Podesta ML, Medel R, Castera R, et al. Urethral duplication in children: surgical treatment and results. J Urol 1998;160:1830–1833.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Woodhouse CRJ, Williams DI. Duplications of the lower urinary tract in children. British J Urol 1979;51:481–487.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kennedy HA, Steidle CP, Mitchell ME, et al. Collateral urethral duplication in the frontal plane. J Urol 1988;139:332–334.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Urakami S, Igawa M, Shiina H, et al. Congenital collateral urethral duplication in the frontal plane. J Urol 1999;162:2097–2098.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Farrell RWR, Sparnon AL. Complete epispadiac urethral duplication. J Pediatr Surg 1987;22(2):175–176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Tennenbaum SY and Palmer LS. Congenital urethrocutaneous fistulas. Urology 1994;43:98–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Ritchey ML, Sinha A, Argueso L. Congenital fistula of the penile urethra. J Urol 1994;151:1061–1062.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Shiraki IW. Parameatal cysts of the glans penis: A report of 9 cases. J Urol 1975;114:544–548.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Little LS Jr, Keating MA, Rink RC. Median raphe cysts of the genitalia. J Urol 1992;148:1872–1873.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Krauel L, Tarrado X, Garcia-Aparicio L, Lerena J, et al. Urology 2008;71:830–831.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Papali AC, Alpert SA, Edmondson JD, Maizels M, et al. A review of pediatric glans malformations: a handy clinical reference. J Urol 2008;180:1737–1742.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Bar-Yosef Y, Binyamini J, Matzkin H, Ben-Chaim J. Degloving and realignment—simple repair of isolated penile torsion. J Urol 2007;69:369–371.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Pomerantz P, Hanna M, Levitt S, et al. Isolated tosion of the penis: report of six cases. Urology 1978;11:37–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Slawin KM, Nagler HM. Treatment of congenital penile curvature with penile torsion: a new twist. J Urol 1992;14:152–154.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Cendron J, Melin Y: Congenital curvature of the penis without hypospadias. Urol Clin North Am 1981;8:389–395.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Baskin LS. Fetal genital anatomy reconstructive implications. J Urol 1999;162:527–529.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Baskin LS, Erol A, Li YW, Liu WH. Anatomy of the neurovascular bundle: Is safe mobilization possible? J Urol 2000;164:977–980.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Aaronson IA. Micropenis: Medical and surgical implications. J Urol 1994;152:4–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lee PA, Mazur T, Danish R, et al. Micropenis: I. Criteria, etiologies and classification. Johns Hopkins Med J 1980;146:156–163.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bergeson PS, Hopkin RJ, Bailey RB Jr, et al. The inconspicuous penis. Pediatrics 1993;92:794–799.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Palmer LS, Kogan SJ. The small and buried penis. Adv Urol 1995;8:225–247.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Cromie WJ, Ritchey ML, Smith RC, Zagaja GP. Anatomical alignment for correction of buried penis. J Urol 1998;160:1482–1484.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Maizels M, Zaontz M, Donovan J, et al. Surgical correction of the buried penis: Description of a classification system and a technique to correct the disorder. J Urol 1986;136:268–271.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Casale AJ, Beck SD, Cain MP, et al. Concealed penis in childhood: A spectrum of etiology and treatment. J Urol 1999;162:1165–1168.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Eroglu E, Bastian OW, Ozkan HC, Yorukalp OE, Goksel AK. Buried penis after newborn circumcision. J Urol 2009;181:1841–1843.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kon M. A rare complication following circumcision: the concealed penis. J Urol 1983;130:573–574.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Karapetian A, Palmer JS. Repair of the buried penis: 3-point technique. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 205(suppl 3):S104.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Shenoy MU, Srinivasan J, Sully L, Rance CH. Buried penis: Surgical correction using liposuction and realignment of skin. BJU Int 2000;86:527–530.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Palmer JS: 2-point repair of the webbed penis (personal communication, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Dewan PA, Tan HL, Auldist AW, Moss DI. Priapism in childhood. Br J Urol 1989;64:541–545.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Friedman J. Priapism: an unusual presentation of appendicitis. Pediatr Emerg Care 1998;14:143–144.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Seeler RA. Intensive transfusion therapy for priapism in boys with sickle cell anemia. J Urol 1973;110:360–361.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Hamre MR, Harmon EP, Kirkpatrick DV et al. Priapism as a complication of sickle cell disease. J Urol 1991;145: 1–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Miller ST, Rao SP, Dunn EK, Glassberg KI. Priapism in children with sickle cell disease. J Urol 1995;154:844–847.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Montague DK, Jarow J, Broderick GA, et al. American Urological Association guideline on the management of priapism. J Urol 2003;170:1318–1324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Tarry WF, Duckett JW, Snyder HM. Urological complications of sickle cell disease in a pediatric population. J Urol 1987;138: 592–594.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Chakrabarty A, Upadhyay J, Dhabuwala CB, et al. Priapism associated with sickle cell hemoglobinopathy in children: Long-term effects on potency. J Urol 1996;155: 1419–1423.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Callewaert P, Stockx L, Bogaert G, Baert L. Post-tramatic high-flow priapism in a 6 year old boy: management by percutaneous placement of bilateral vascular coils. Urol 1998;52:134–137.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Volkmer BG, Nesslauer T, Kraemer SC, et al. Prepubertal high flow priapism: Incidence, diagnosis and treatment. J Urol 2001;166:1018–1022.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kuefer R, Bartsch G Jr, Herkommer K, et al. Changing diagnostic and therapeutic concepts in high-flow priapism. Int J Impot Res 2005;17:109–113.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Pinke LA, Rathbun SR, Husmann DA, Kramer SA. Penoscrotal transposition: Review of 53 patients. J Urol 2001;166:1865–1868.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Yamaguchi T, Hamasuna R, Hasui Y, et al. 47,XXY/48,XXY, +21 chromosomal mosaicism presenting as hypospadias with scrotal transposition. J Urol 1989;142: 797–798.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Lage JM, Driscoll SG, Bieber FR, et al. Transposition of the external genitalia associated with caudal regression. J Urol 1987;138:387–389.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. MacKenzie J, Chitayat D, McLorie G, et al. Penoscrotal transposition: a case report and review. Am J Med Genet 1994;49:103–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Parida SK, Hall BD, Barton L, et al. Penoscrotal transposition and associated anomalies: report of five new cases and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet 1995;59:68–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Glenn JF, Anderson EE. Surgical correction of incomplete penoscrotal transposition. J Urol 1973;110:603–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Ehrlich RP, Scardino PT. Surgical correction of scrotal transposition and perineal hypospadias. J Pediatr Surg 1982;17:175–177.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Levy JB, Darson MF, Bite U. Modified pudendal-thigh flap for correction of penoscrotal transposition. Urology 1997;15:597–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pediatric and Adolescent Urology Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Jeffrey S. Palmer MD, FACS, FAAP (Director, Associate Professor of Surgery)

  2. Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Jeffrey S. Palmer MD, FACS, FAAP (Director, Associate Professor of Surgery)

Authors
  1. Jeffrey S. Palmer MD, FACS, FAAP
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeffrey S. Palmer MD, FACS, FAAP .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cleveland Clinic Lerner College, of Medicine of Case Western, Pediatric and Adolescent Urology Institu, Euclid Ave. 9500, Cleveland, 44195, Ohio, USA

    Jeffrey S. Palmer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Palmer, J.S. (2011). Penis and Scrotum: Congenital and Acquired Anomalies. In: Palmer, J. (eds) Pediatric Urology. Current Clinical Urology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-420-3_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-420-3_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-419-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-420-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation