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Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Somatic Stem Cells

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Hematopoietic Stem Cell Biology

Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL))

Abstract

Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate to generate more specialized cell types responsible for tissue-specific function. During development, the differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells leads to the production of specialized somatic cells that are ultimately responsible for the structure and function of all adult tissues and organs. “Naturally” pluripotent cells exist only at the earliest stages of embryonic development. However, less differentiated stem and progenitor cells are also present in adult tissues. In contrast to pluripotent embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells generally only form a limited number of cell types corresponding to their tissues of origin. These multipotent or unipotent adult stem cells exist in many, though probably not all, adult tissues including bone marrow (BM), brain, spinal cord, dental pulp, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, epithelia of the skin and digestive system, cornea, and retina. “Multipotent” stem cells can generate several types of cells within a given tissue (e.g., hematopoietic/blood forming stem cells), whereas “unipotent” stem cells give rise to only one differentiated cell type (e.g., skeletal muscle stem cells). Though adult stem cells exist at a very low frequency in adult tissues, they serve a critical function in maintaining tissue homeostasis and generating replacement cells to repair tissues after injury. Here, we review the current literature on adult stem cells and specifically highlight the regulation of multipotent hematopoietic stems cells in contrast with that of unipotent skeletal muscle stem cells, as well as discuss their respective roles in tissue homeostasis and repair.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section on Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA

    Kah Yong Tan, Francis S. Kim, Amy J. Wagers & Shane R. Mayack

  2. Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 42, Church Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

    Kah Yong Tan, Francis S. Kim, Amy J. Wagers & Shane R. Mayack

  3. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

    Kah Yong Tan

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    Motonari Kondo

Glossary

Stem Cell

An unspecialized cell capable of generating more specialized cell types with specialized functions. All stem cells have three general properties: they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods; they are unspecialized; and they can give rise to specialized cell types.

Embryonic Stem Cell

An unspecialized cell that is derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst contained within the embryo. These cells are pluripotent and thus can develop into specialized cells that contribute to all of the mature tissues of an organism.

Somatic Stem Cell

An unspecialized cell found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ that can renew and differentiate to yield the major specialized cell types of the tissue or organ. Adult stem cells are multipotent or unipotent, and the primary role of adult stem cells is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found. The term “somatic stem cell” is often used interchangeably with adult stem cell.

Germ Line Cell

Germ cells are responsible for the production of sex cells or gametes (ovum and spermatozoa) constituting a cell line through which genes are passed from generation to generation.

Somatic Cell

Any cell (other than a germ cell) that contributes to the formation of the body, becoming differentiated into the various tissues and organs that comprise the mature organism.

Adult Stem Cell

See Somatic Stem Cell.

Unipotent Stem Cell

An unspecialized cell capable of developing into only one type of cell within a given tissue or organ.

Multipotent Stem Cell

An unspecialized cell capable of developing into multiple specialized cells of a given tissue or organ. For example, multipotent blood stem cells give rise to the red cells, white cells, and platelets in the blood.

Pluripotent Stem Cell

An unspecialized cell that is capable of developing into all of the differentiated cells of an organism.

Facultative Stem Cell

An unspecialized cell that is capable of contributing to tissue repair and regeneration when normal tissue repair cells and mechanisms are blocked, often due to injury or disease.

Hematopoietic Stem Cell

An unspecialized cell that can differentiate into all of the specialized cells of the blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Progenitor Cell

A cell in a transition state from an unspecialized cell to a fully differentiated mature cell with a specialized function; therefore, it is a more specialized cell than the stem cell that generated it but a less specialized cell than the cell that is the direct ancestor of it in a hierarchical cell lineage.

Stem Cell Niche

The microenvironment in which stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate stem cell function and fate. Several factors are important to regulate stem cell characteristics within the niche: cell-cell interactions, interactions between stem cells and adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix components, and soluble factors.

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Tan, K.Y., Kim, F.S., Wagers, A.J., Mayack, S.R. (2010). Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Somatic Stem Cells. In: Kondo, M. (eds) Hematopoietic Stem Cell Biology. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-347-3_3

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